40 CFR 721.10391 - Copper gallium indium selenide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Copper gallium indium selenide. 721... Substances § 721.10391 Copper gallium indium selenide. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as copper gallium indium selenide (PMN P-10...

40 CFR 721.10391 - Copper gallium indium selenide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Copper gallium indium selenide. 721... Substances § 721.10391 Copper gallium indium selenide. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as copper gallium indium selenide (PMN P-10...

40 CFR 721.10391 - Copper gallium indium selenide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Copper gallium indium selenide. 721... Substances § 721.10391 Copper gallium indium selenide. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as copper gallium indium selenide (PMN P-10...

Formation of selenide, sulfide or mixed selenide-sulfide films on metal or metal coated substrates

DOEpatents

Eser, Erten; Fields, Shannon

2012-05-01

A process and composition for preventing cracking in composite structures comprising a metal coated substrate and a selenide, sulfide or mixed selenide sulfide film. Specifically, cracking is prevented in the coating of molybdenum coated substrates upon which a copper, indium-gallium diselenide (CIGS) film is deposited. Cracking is inhibited by adding a Se passivating amount of oxygen to the Mo and limiting the amount of Se deposited on the Mo coating.

Neutralization by Metal Ions of the Toxicity of Sodium Selenide

PubMed Central

Dauplais, Marc; Lazard, Myriam; Blanquet, Sylvain; Plateau, Pierre

2013-01-01

Inert metal-selenide colloids are found in animals. They are believed to afford cross-protection against the toxicities of both metals and selenocompounds. Here, the toxicities of metal salt and sodium selenide mixtures were systematically studied using the death rate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells as an indicator. In parallel, the abilities of these mixtures to produce colloids were assessed. Studied metal cations could be classified in three groups: (i) metal ions that protect cells against selenium toxicity and form insoluble colloids with selenide (Ag+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+), (ii) metal ions which protect cells by producing insoluble metal-selenide complexes and by catalyzing hydrogen selenide oxidation in the presence of dioxygen (Co2+ and Ni2+) and, finally, (iii) metal ions which do not afford protection and do not interact (Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+) or weakly interact (Fe2+) with selenide under the assayed conditions. When occurring, the insoluble complexes formed from divalent metal ions and selenide contained equimolar amounts of metal and selenium atoms. With the monovalent silver ion, the complex contained two silver atoms per selenium atom. Next, because selenides are compounds prone to oxidation, the stabilities of the above colloids were evaluated under oxidizing conditions. 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), the reduction of which can be optically followed, was used to promote selenide oxidation. Complexes with cadmium, copper, lead, mercury or silver resisted dissolution by DTNB treatment over several hours. With nickel and cobalt, partial oxidation by DTNB occurred. On the other hand, when starting from ZnSe or FeSe complexes, full decompositions were obtained within a few tens of minutes. The above properties possibly explain why ZnSe and FeSe nanoparticles were not detected in animals exposed to selenocompounds. PMID:23342137

Oxidation Mechanism of Copper Selenide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taskinen, Pekka; Patana, Sonja; Kobylin, Petri; Latostenmaa, Petri

2014-09-01

The oxidation mechanism of copper selenide was investigated at deselenization temperatures of copper refining anode slimes. The isothermal roasting of synthetic, massive copper selenide in flowing oxygen and oxygen - 20% sulfur dioxide mixtures at 450-550 °C indicate that in both atmospheres the mass of Cu2Se increases as a function of time, due to formation of copper selenite as an intermediate product. Copper selenide oxidises to copper oxides without formation of thick copper selenite scales, and a significant fraction of selenium is vaporized as SeO2(g). The oxidation product scales on Cu2Se are porous which allows transport of atmospheric oxygen to the reaction zone and selenium dioxide vapor to the surrounding gas. Predominance area diagrams of the copper-selenium system, constructed for selenium roasting conditions, indicate that the stable phase of copper in a selenium roaster gas with SO2 is the sulfate CuSO4. The cuprous oxide formed in decomposition of Cu2Se is further sulfated to CuSO4.

Nanoscale determination of the mass enhancement factor in the lightly doped bulk insulator lead selenide.

PubMed

Zeljkovic, Ilija; Scipioni, Kane L; Walkup, Daniel; Okada, Yoshinori; Zhou, Wenwen; Sankar, R; Chang, Guoqing; Wang, Yung Jui; Lin, Hsin; Bansil, Arun; Chou, Fangcheng; Wang, Ziqiang; Madhavan, Vidya

2015-03-27

Bismuth chalcogenides and lead telluride/selenide alloys exhibit exceptional thermoelectric properties that could be harnessed for power generation and device applications. Since phonons play a significant role in achieving these desired properties, quantifying the interaction between phonons and electrons, which is encoded in the Eliashberg function of a material, is of immense importance. However, its precise extraction has in part been limited due to the lack of local experimental probes. Here we construct a method to directly extract the Eliashberg function using Landau level spectroscopy, and demonstrate its applicability to lightly doped thermoelectric bulk insulator PbSe. In addition to its high energy resolution only limited by thermal broadening, this novel experimental method could be used to detect variations in mass enhancement factor at the nanoscale level. This opens up a new pathway for investigating the local effects of doping and strain on the mass enhancement factor.

Nanoscale determination of the mass enhancement factor in the lightly doped bulk insulator lead selenide

DOE PAGES

Zeljkovic, Ilija; Scipioni, Kane L.; Walkup, Daniel; ...

2015-03-27

Bismuth chalcogenides and lead telluride/selenide alloys exhibit exceptional thermoelectric properties that could be harnessed for power generation and device applications. Since phonons play a significant role in achieving these desired properties, quantifying the interaction between phonons and electrons, which is encoded in the Eliashberg function of a material, is of immense importance. However, its precise extraction has in part been limited due to the lack of local experimental probes. Here we construct a method to directly extract the Eliashberg function using Landau level spectroscopy, and demonstrate its applicability to lightly doped thermoelectric bulk insulator PbSe. In addition to its highmore » energy resolution only limited by thermal broadening, this novel experimental method could be used to detect variations in mass enhancement factor at the nanoscale level. Finally, this opens up a new pathway for investigating the local effects of doping and strain on the mass enhancement factor.« less

Isomorphism and solid solutions among Ag- and Au-selenides

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Palyanova, Galina A.; Seryotkin, Yurii V.; Novosibirsk State University

Au-Ag selenides were synthesized by heating stoichiometric mixtures of elementary substances of initial compositions Ag{sub 2−x}Au{sub x}Se with a step of x=0.25 (0≤x≤2) to 1050 °C and annealing at 500 °C. Scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, electron microprobe analysis and X-ray powder diffraction methods have been applied to study synthesized samples. Results of studies of synthesized products revealed the existence of three solid solutions with limited isomorphism Ag↔Au: naumannite Ag{sub 2}Se – Ag{sub 1.94}Au{sub 0.06}Se, fischesserite Ag{sub 3}AuSe{sub 2} - Ag{sub 3.2}Au{sub 0.8}Se{sub 2} and gold selenide AuSe - Au{sub 0.94}Ag{sub 0.06}Se. Solid solutions and AgAuSe phases were added tomore » the phase diagram of Ag-Au-Se system. Crystal-chemical interpretation of Ag-Au isomorphism in selenides was made on the basis of structural features of fischesserite, naumannite, and AuSe. - Highlights: • Au-Ag selenides were synthesized. • Limited Ag-Au isomorphism in the selenides is affected by structural features. • Some new phases were introduced to the phase diagram Ag-Au-Se.« less

Thermoelectric Study of Copper Selenide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yao, Mengliang; Liu, Weishu; Ren, Zhifeng; Opeil, Cyril

2014-03-01

Nanostructuring has been shown to be an effective approach in reducing lattice thermal conductivity and improving the figure of merit of thermoelectric materials. Copper selenide is a layered structure material, which has a low thermal conductivity and p-type Seebeck coefficient at low temperatures. We have evaluated several hot-pressed, nanostructured copper selenide samples with different dopants for their thermoelectric properties. The phenomenon of the charge-density wave observed in the nanocomposite, resistivity, Seebeck, thermal conductivity and carrier mobility will be discussed. Funding for this research was provided by the Solid State Solar - Thermal Energy Conversion Center (S3TEC), an Energy Frontier Research Center sponsored by the DOE, Office of Basic Energy Science, Award No. DE-SC0001299/ DE-FG02-09ER46577.

An interatomic pair potential for cadmium selenide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rabani, Eran

2002-01-01

We have developed a set of interatomic pair potentials for cadmium selenide based on a form similar to the Born-Mayer model. We show that this simple form of the pair potential, which has been used to describe the properties of alkali halides in the sixfold-coordinate structure, provides a realistic description of the properties of cadmium selenide in all three crystal structures: wurtzite, zinc blende, and rocksalt. Using the new pair potential we have studied the pressure-induced phase transition from the fourfold-coordinate wurtzite structure to the sixfold-coordinate rocksalt structure. The pressure transformation and the equation of state are in good agreement with experimental observations. Using the dispersion term in our pair potential we have also calculated the Hamaker constant for cadmium selenide within the framework of the original microscopic approach due to Hamaker. The results indicate that for ionic materials many-body terms that are included in the Lifshitz theory are well captured by the simple pair potential.

PROCESS OF COATING METALS WITH BISMUTH OR BISMUTH-BASE ALLOYS

DOEpatents

Beach, J.G.

1958-01-28

A method is described for producing coatings of bismuth or bismuth alloys on a metal base. This is accomplished by electrodepositing the bismuth from an aqueous solution of BiCl/sub 3/, and by making the metal base alternately the cathode and the anode, the cathode periods being twice as long as the anode periods. In one embodiment a nickel coating is first electrodeposited in a known way, and this nickel plated piece is tae base upon which tae bismuth is deposited by the process of this patent. The coated piece is then heat treated to produce a homogeneous Ni--Bi alloy by diffusion.

Ovonic type switching in tin selenide thin films

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Baxter, C. R.; Mclennan, W. D.

1975-01-01

Amorphous tin selenide thin films which possess Ovonic type switching properties are fabricated using vacuum deposition techniques. The devices are fabricated in a planar configuration and consist of amorphous tin selenide deposited over silver contacts. Results obtained indicate that Ovonic type memory switching does occur in these films with the energy density required for switching from a high impedance to a low impedance state being dependent on the spacing between the electrodes of the device. There is also a strong implication that the switching is a function of the magnitude of the applied voltage pulse.

Vapor transport deposition of antimony selenide thin film solar cells with 7.6% efficiency.

PubMed

Wen, Xixing; Chen, Chao; Lu, Shuaicheng; Li, Kanghua; Kondrotas, Rokas; Zhao, Yang; Chen, Wenhao; Gao, Liang; Wang, Chong; Zhang, Jun; Niu, Guangda; Tang, Jiang

2018-06-05

Antimony selenide is an emerging promising thin film photovoltaic material thanks to its binary composition, suitable bandgap, high absorption coefficient, inert grain boundaries and earth-abundant constituents. However, current devices produced from rapid thermal evaporation strategy suffer from low-quality film and unsatisfactory performance. Herein, we develop a vapor transport deposition technique to fabricate antimony selenide films, a technique that enables continuous and low-cost manufacturing of cadmium telluride solar cells. We improve the crystallinity of antimony selenide films and then successfully produce superstrate cadmium sulfide/antimony selenide solar cells with a certified power conversion efficiency of 7.6%, a net 2% improvement over previous 5.6% record of the same device configuration. We analyze the deep defects in antimony selenide solar cells, and find that the density of the dominant deep defects is reduced by one order of magnitude using vapor transport deposition process.

Two-dimensional tin selenide nanostructures for flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors.

PubMed

Zhang, Chunli; Yin, Huanhuan; Han, Min; Dai, Zhihui; Pang, Huan; Zheng, Yulin; Lan, Ya-Qian; Bao, Jianchun; Zhu, Jianmin

2014-04-22

Due to their unique electronic and optoelectronic properties, tin selenide nanostructures show great promise for applications in energy storage and photovoltaic devices. Despite the great progress that has been achieved, the phase-controlled synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) tin selenide nanostructures remains a challenge, and their use in supercapacitors has not been explored. In this paper, 2D tin selenide nanostructures, including pure SnSe2 nanodisks (NDs), mixed-phase SnSe-SnSe2 NDs, and pure SnSe nanosheets (NSs), have been synthesized by reacting SnCl2 and trioctylphosphine (TOP)-Se with borane-tert-butylamine complex (BTBC) and 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone. Utilizing the interplay of TOP and BTBC and changing only the amount of BTBC, the phase-controlled synthesis of 2D tin selenide nanostructures is realized for the first time. Phase-dependent pseudocapacitive behavior is observed for the resulting 2D nanostructures. The specific capacitances of pure SnSe2 NDs (168 F g(-1)) and SnSe NSs (228 F g(-1)) are much higher than those of other reported materials (e.g., graphene-Mn3O4 nanorods and TiN mesoporous spheres); thus, these tin selenide materials were used to fabricate flexible, all-solid-state supercapacitors. Devices fabricated with these two tin selenide materials exhibited high areal capacitances, good cycling stabilities, excellent flexibilities, and desirable mechanical stabilities, which were comparable to or better than those reported recently for other solid-state devices based on graphene and 3D GeSe2 nanostructures. Additionally, the rate capability of the SnSe2 NDs device was much better than that of the SnSe NS device, indicating that SnSe2 NDs are promising active materials for use in high-performance, flexible, all-solid-state supercapacitors.

Isomorphism and solid solutions among Ag- and Au-selenides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Palyanova, Galina A.; Seryotkin, Yurii V.; Kokh, Konstantin A.; Bakakin, Vladimir V.

2016-09-01

Au-Ag selenides were synthesized by heating stoichiometric mixtures of elementary substances of initial compositions Ag2-xAuxSe with a step of х=0.25 (0≤х≤2) to 1050 °С and annealing at 500 °C. Scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, electron microprobe analysis and X-ray powder diffraction methods have been applied to study synthesized samples. Results of studies of synthesized products revealed the existence of three solid solutions with limited isomorphism Ag↔Au: naumannite Ag2Se - Ag1.94Au0.06Se, fischesserite Ag3AuSe2 - Ag3.2Au0.8Se2 and gold selenide AuSe - Au0.94Ag0.06Se. Solid solutions and AgAuSe phases were added to the phase diagram of Ag-Au-Se system. Crystal-chemical interpretation of Ag-Au isomorphism in selenides was made on the basis of structural features of fischesserite, naumannite, and AuSe.

Metal Selenides as Efficient Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.

PubMed

Jin, Zhitong; Zhang, Meirong; Wang, Min; Feng, Chuanqi; Wang, Zhong-Sheng

2017-04-18

Solar energy is the most abundant renewable energy available to the earth and can meet the energy needs of humankind, but efficient conversion of solar energy to electricity is an urgent issue of scientific research. As the third-generation photovoltaic technology, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have gained great attention since the landmark efficiency of ∼7% reported by O'Regan and Grätzel. The most attractive features of DSSCs include low cost, simple manufacturing processes, medium-purity materials, and theoretically high power conversion efficiencies. As one of the key materials in DSSCs, the counter electrode (CE) plays a crucial role in completing the electric circuit by catalyzing the reduction of the oxidized state to the reduced state for a redox couple (e.g., I 3 - /I - ) in the electrolyte at the CE-electrolyte interface. To lower the cost caused by the typically used Pt CE, which restricts the large-scale application because of its low reserves and high price, great effort has been made to develop new CE materials alternative to Pt. A lot of Pt-free electrocatalysts, such as carbon materials, inorganic compounds, conductive polymers, and their composites with good electrocatalytic activity, have been applied as CEs in DSSCs in the past years. Metal selenides have been widely used as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction and light-harvesting materials for solar cells. Our group first expanded their applications to the DSSC field by using in situ-grown Co 0.85 Se nanosheet and Ni 0.85 Se nanoparticle films as CEs. This finding has inspired extensive studies on developing new metal selenides in order to seek more efficient CE materials for low-cost DSSCs, and a lot of meaningful results have been achieved in the past years. In this Account, we summarize recent advances in binary and mutinary metal selenides applied as CEs in DSSCs. The synthetic methods for metal selenides with various morphologies and stoichiometric ratios and

Fabrication, characterization and applications of iron selenide

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hussain, Raja Azadar, E-mail: hussainazadar@yahoo.com; Badshah, Amin; Lal, Bhajan

This review article presents fabrication of FeSe by solid state reactions, solution chemistry routes, chemical vapor deposition, spray pyrolysis and chemical vapor transport. Different properties and applications such as crystal structure and phase transition, band structure, spectroscopy, superconductivity, photocatalytic activity, electrochemical sensing, and fuel cell activity of FeSe have been discussed. - Graphical abstract: Iron selenide can be synthesized by solid state reactions, chemical vapor deposition, solution chemistry routes, chemical vapor transport and spray pyrolysis. - Highlights: • Different fabrication methods of iron selenide (FeSe) have been reviewed. • Crystal structure, band structure and spectroscopy of FeSe have been discussed.more » • Superconducting, catalytic and fuel cell application of FeSe have been presented.« less

Bismuth, Metronidazole, and Tetracycline

MedlinePlus

Helidac® (as a kit containing Bismuth Subsalicylate, Metronidazole, Tetracycline) ... Bismuth, metronidazole, and tetracycline is used along with other ulcer medications to treat duodenal ulcers. It is in a ...

Solid-gas phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties of cadmium selenide.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sigai, A. G.; Wiedemeier, H.

1972-01-01

Accurate vapor pressures are determined through direct weight loss measurements using the Knudsen effusion technique. The experimental data are evaluated by establishing the mode of vaporization and determining the heat capacity of cadmium selenide at elevated temperatures. Additional information is obtained through a second- and third-law evaluation of data, namely, the heat of formation and the absolute entropy of cadmium selenide. A preferential loss of selenium during the initial heating of CdSe is observed, which leads to a deviation in stoichiometry.

Mineral resource of the month: bismuth

USGS Publications Warehouse

Carlin, James F.

2006-01-01

Bismuth compounds are most known for their soothing effects on the stomach, wounds and sores. These properties make the compounds an essential part of many medicinal and cosmetic preparations, which until 1930 accounted for about 90 percent of the bismuth used. The subsequent development of low-melting alloys and chemical catalysts containing bismuth, as well as its use as an additive to casting alloys, has resulted in a wider variety of industrial applications for bismuth.

Methylation and demethylation of intermediates selenide and methylselenol in the metabolism of selenium

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ohta, Yuki; Suzuki, Kazuo T.

2008-01-15

All nutritional selenium sources are transformed into the assumed common intermediate selenide for the syntheses of selenoproteins for utilization and/or of selenosugar for excretion. Methylselenol [monomethylselenide, MMSe] is the assumed intermediate leading to other methylated metabolites, dimethylselenide (DMSe) and trimethylselenonium (TMSe) for excretion, and also to the intermediate selenide from methylselenocysteine and methylseleninic acid (MSA). Here, related methylation and demethylation reactions were studied in vitro by providing chemically reactive starting substrates ({sup 76}Se-selenide, {sup 77}Se-MMSe and {sup 82}Se-DMSe) which were prepared in situ by the reduction of the corresponding labeled proximate precursors ({sup 76}Se-selenite, {sup 77}Se-MSA and {sup 82}Se-dimethylselenoxide (DMSeO),more » respectively) with glutathione, the three substrates being incubated simultaneously in rat organ supernatants and homogenates. The resulting chemically labile reaction products were detected simultaneously by speciation analysis with HPLC-ICP-MS after converting the products and un-reacted substrates to the corresponding oxidized derivatives (selenite, MSA and DMSeO). The time-related changes in selenium isotope profiles showed that demethylation of MMSe to selenide was efficient but that of DMSe to MMSe was negligible, whereas methylation of selenide to MMSe, and MMSe to DMSe were efficient, and that of DMSe to TMSe occurred less efficiently. The present methylation and demethylation reactions on equilibrium between selenide, MMSe and DMSe without producing selenosugar and selenoproteins indicated that DMSe rather than TMSe is produced as the end product, suggesting that DMSe is to be excreted more abundantly than TMSe. Organ-dependent differences in the methylation and demethylation reactions were characterized for the liver, kidney and lung.« less

Facile formation of metallic bismuth/bismuth oxide heterojunction on porous carbon with enhanced photocatalytic activity.

PubMed

Zhang, Liping; Ghimire, Pramila; Phuriragpitikhon, Jenjira; Jiang, Baojiang; Gonçalves, Alexandre A S; Jaroniec, Mietek

2018-03-01

Bismuth/bismuth oxide heterojunction on porous carbon (Bi 0 /Bi 2 O 3 @C) was successfully prepared by a surfactant-assisted sol-gel method. This composite photocatalyst was fabricated by depositing Bi 2 O 3 and metallic bismuth nanoparticles (NPs) on porous carbon sheets. Bi NPs were created by in-situ reduction of Bi 2 O 3 with amorphous carbon. During the synthesis, bismuth and carbon precursors were mixed in different ratios, resulting in distinct amounts of metallic bismuth in the composites. The composites showed large specific surface area and pore volume as well as strong light absorption ability due to the existing carbon. In addition, the plasmonic bismuth NPs were found to behave as a noble metal, which is able to generate hot charge carriers under visible light irradiation. Photocatalytic performance of the Bi 0 /Bi 2 O 3 @C composites was investigated by degradation of methylene blue. It turned out that the composites showed much higher efficiency as compared to bare Bi 2 O 3 , which may be attributed to the synergistic effects of porous structures, improved optical absorption, and surface plasmon resonance. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

SEPARATION OF PLUTONIUM HYDROXIDE FROM BISMUTH HYDROXIDE

DOEpatents

Watt, G.W.

1958-08-19

An tmproved method is described for separating plutonium hydroxide from bismuth hydroxide. The end product of the bismuth phosphate processes for the separation amd concentration of plutonium is a inixture of bismuth hydroxide amd plutonium hydroxide. It has been found that these compounds can be advantageously separated by treatment with a reducing agent having a potential sufficient to reduce bismuth hydroxide to metalltc bisinuth but not sufficient to reduce the plutonium present. The resulting mixture of metallic bismuth and plutonium hydroxide can then be separated by treatment with a material which will dissolve plutonium hydroxide but not metallic bismuth. Sodiunn stannite is mentioned as a preferred reducing agent, and dilute nitric acid may be used as the separatory solvent.

Growth of zinc selenide crystals by physical vapor transport in microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rosenberger, Franz

1995-01-01

The growth of single crystals of zinc selenide was carried out by both closed ampoule physical vapor transport and effusive ampoule physical vapor transport (EAPVT). The latter technique was shown to be a much more efficient method for the seeded growth of zinc selenide, resulting in higher transport rates. Furthermore, EAPVT work on CdTe has shown that growth onto /n11/ seeds is advantageous for obtaining reduced twinning and defect densities in II-VI sphalerite materials.

A facile way to control phase of tin selenide flakes by chemical vapor deposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Zhigang; Pang, Fei

2018-06-01

Although two-dimensional (2D) tin selenides are attracting intense attentions, studies on its phase transition are still relatively few. Here we report a facile way to control the phase growth of tin selenide flakes on mica and SiO2/Si by only adjusting nominal Sn:Se ratio, which refers to the amount of loaded SnO2 and Se precursors. High normal Sn:Se ratio induced SnSe flakes, conversely SnSe2 flakes formed. It could be used as a practical guide to selectively synthesize pure phase of single crystalline 2D layered chalcogenide materials similar to tin selenides.

Hydrothermal synthesis of bismuth germanium oxide

DOEpatents

Boyle, Timothy J.

2016-12-13

A method for the hydrothermal synthesis of bismuth germanium oxide comprises dissolving a bismuth precursor (e.g., bismuth nitrate pentahydrate) and a germanium precursor (e.g., germanium dioxide) in water and heating the aqueous solution to an elevated reaction temperature for a length of time sufficient to produce the eulytite phase of bismuth germanium oxide (E-BGO) with high yield. The E-BGO produced can be used as a scintillator material. For example, the air stability and radioluminescence response suggest that the E-BGO can be employed for medical applications.

Cuprous selenide and sulfide form improved photovoltaic barriers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1966-01-01

Photovoltaic barriers formed by depositing a layer of polycrystalline cuprous sulfide or cuprous selenide on gallium arsenide are chemically and electrically stable. The stability of these barrier materials is significantly greater than that of cuprous iodide.

BISMUTH PHOSPHATE CARRIER PROCESS FOR Pu RECOVERY

DOEpatents

Finzel, T.G.

1959-02-01

An improvement in the bismuth phosphate carrier precipitation process for recovering plutonium is described. It has been found that a more granular and more easily filterable carrier precipitiite is formed if the addition of the bismuth and phosphate ions is effected by first adding 9/10 of the bismuth ions necessary, then slowly adding all of the source of the phosphate ions to be incorporated in the precipitate, while digesting at 75 C and afterwards incorporating the remainder of the total bismuth ions necessary

Investigation of Cadmium Selenide Photoelectrochemical Cells.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-01-01

80-4 _INVESTIGATION OF C ADMIUM ,ELENIDE .PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS by R.A. Sawchuk and D.R. Snelling Energy Systems Section AccsseionPar Energy ...cadmium selenide photo- anodes, a polysulphide redox’electrolyte and an in situ energy storage com- partment were evaluated at DREO. The...electron-hole recombination.- centers, and shorting to the nickel substrate. The concept of in situ energy storage was not successfully demonstrated. It is

Phase-Engineered Type-II Multimetal-Selenide Heterostructures toward Low-Power Consumption, Flexible, Transparent, and Wide-Spectrum Photoresponse Photodetectors.

PubMed

Chen, Yu-Ze; Wang, Sheng-Wen; Su, Teng-Yu; Lee, Shao-Hsin; Chen, Chia-Wei; Yang, Chen-Hua; Wang, Kuangye; Kuo, Hao-Chung; Chueh, Yu-Lun

2018-05-01

Phase-engineered type-II metal-selenide heterostructures are demonstrated by directly selenizing indium-tin oxide to form multimetal selenides in a single step. The utilization of a plasma system to assist the selenization facilitates a low-temperature process, which results in large-area films with high uniformity. Compared to single-metal-selenide-based photodetectors, the multimetal-selenide photodetectors exhibit obviously improved performance, which can be attributed to the Schottky contact at the interface for tuning the carrier transport, as well as the type-II heterostructure that is beneficial for the separation of the electron-hole pairs. The multimetal-selenide photodetectors exhibit a response to light over a broad spectrum from UV to visible light with a high responsivity of 0.8 A W -1 and an on/off current ratio of up to 10 2 . Interestingly, all-transparent photodetectors are successfully produced in this work. Moreover, the possibility of fabricating devices on flexible substrates is also demonstrated with sustainable performance, high strain tolerance, and high durability during bending tests. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Acute treatment with bis selenide, an organic compound containing the trace element selenium, prevents memory deficits induced by reserpine in rats.

PubMed

Bortolatto, Cristiani Folharini; Guerra Souza, Ana Cristina; Wilhelm, Ethel Antunes; Nogueira, Cristina Wayne

2013-01-01

Taking into account the promising pharmacological actions of (Z)-2,3-bis(4-chlorophenylselanyl) prop-2-en-1-ol) (bis selenide), an organic compound containing the trace element selenium, and the constant search for drugs that improve the cognitive performance, the objective of the present study was to investigate whether bis selenide treatment ameliorates memory deficits induced by reserpine in rats. For this aim, male adult rats received a single subcutaneous injection of reserpine (1 mg/kg), a biogenic amine-depleting agent used to induce memory deficit. After 24 h, bis selenide at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg was administered to rats by intragastric route, and 1 h later, the animals were submitted to behavior tasks. The effects of acute administration of bis selenide on memory were evaluated by social recognition, step-down passive avoidance, and object recognition paradigms. Exploratory and locomotor activities of rats were determined using the open-field test. Analysis of data revealed that the social memory disruption caused by reserpine was reversed by bis selenide at both doses. In addition, bis selenide, at the highest dose, prevented the memory deficit resulting from reserpine administration to rats in step-down passive avoidance and object recognition tasks. No significant alterations in locomotor and exploratory behaviors were found in animals treated with reserpine and/or bis selenide. Results obtained from distinct memory behavioral paradigms revealed that an acute treatment with bis selenide attenuated memory deficits induced by reserpine in rats.

Gravimetric Analysis of Bismuth in Bismuth Subsalicylate Tablets: A Versatile Quantitative Experiment for Undergraduate Laboratories

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Davis, Eric; Cheung, Ken; Pauls, Steve; Dick, Jonathan; Roth, Elijah; Zalewski, Nicole; Veldhuizen, Christopher; Coeler, Joel

2015-01-01

In this laboratory experiment, lower- and upper-division students dissolved bismuth subsalicylate tablets in acid and precipitated the resultant Bi[superscript 3+] in solution with sodium phosphate for a gravimetric determination of bismuth subsalicylate in the tablets. With a labeled concentration of 262 mg/tablet, the combined data from three…

Morphology-Tuned Synthesis of Nickel Cobalt Selenides as Highly Efficient Pt-Free Counter Electrode Catalysts for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.

PubMed

Qian, Xing; Li, Hongmei; Shao, Li; Jiang, Xiancai; Hou, Linxi

2016-11-02

In this work, morphology-tuned ternary nickel cobalt selenides based on different Ni/Co molar ratios have been synthesized via a simple precursor conversion method and used as counter electrode (CE) materials for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The experimental facts and mechanism analysis clarified the possible growth process of product. It can be found that the electrochemical performance and structures of ternary nickel cobalt selenides can be optimized by tuning the Ni/Co molar ratio. Benefiting from the unique morphology and tunable composition, among the as-prepared metal selenides, the electrochemical measurements showed that the ternary nickel cobalt selenides exhibited a more superior electrocatalytic activity in comparison with binary Ni and Co selenides. In particular, the three-dimensional dandelion-like Ni 0.33 Co 0.67 Se microspheres delivered much higher power conversion efficiency (9.01%) than that of Pt catalyst (8.30%) under AM 1.5G irradiation.

Effect of bismuth subcitrate on amphibian gastroduodenal bicarbonate secretion.

PubMed Central

Shorrock, C J; Crampton, J R; Gibbons, L C; Rees, W D

1989-01-01

The ulcer healing and cytoprotective properties of colloidal bismuth (De-Nol) are well established although its mode of action is unclear. We have examined the action of bismuth subcitrate, the active ingredient of De-Nol, on gastroduodenal bicarbonate secretion by isolated amphibian mucosa. Addition of bismuth subcitrate (10(-6) to 10(-4) M) to the luminal solution produced a dose dependent increase in bicarbonate secretion from both gastric and duodenal mucosae without a change in transmucosal potential difference. The magnitude of this stimulation was greater for gastric than duodenal mucosae at all dose ranges. A second bismuth salt, bismuth oxynitrate, produced similar increases in bicarbonate secretion from gastric mucosae. Pretreatment of gastric mucosa with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin (10(-5) and 10(-4) M), did not abolish the secretory response to bismuth subcitrate. Similar treatment with the chloride transport inhibitor, 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS) (10(-3) M) prevented the secretory response to bismuth subcitrate. PMID:2788112

21 CFR 73.2162 - Bismuth oxychloride.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice. (c) Labeling. The color additive and any mixture... COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Cosmetics § 73.2162 Bismuth oxychloride. (a) Identity and specifications. (1) The color additive bismuth oxychloride shall conform in identity and specifications to the...

Bismuth Subgallate Toxicity in the Age of Online Supplement Use.

PubMed

Sampognaro, Paul; Vo, Kathy T; Richie, Megan; Blanc, Paul D; Keenan, Kevin

2017-11-01

Bismuth salts have been used to treat gastroenterological disorders and are readily available over-the-counter and via the internet. Even though generally considered safe, bismuth compounds can cause a syndrome of subacute, progressive encephalopathy when taken in large quantities. We present the case of woman who developed progressive encephalopathy, aphasia, myoclonus, and gait instability after chronically ingesting large amounts of bismuth subgallate purchased from a major online marketing website to control symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. After extensive neurological work-up, elevated bismuth levels in her blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid confirmed the diagnosis of bismuth-related neurotoxicity. She improved slowly following cessation of exposure. This case highlights bismuth subgallate as a neurotoxic bismuth formulation and reminds providers of the potential for safety misconceptions of positively reviewed online supplements.

21 CFR 73.1162 - Bismuth oxychloride.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Drugs § 73.1162 Bismuth oxychloride. (a) Identity. (1) The color additive bismuth oxychloride is a synthetically prepared white or nearly white amorphous or finely crystalline, odorless powder consisting principally of BiOCl. (2) Color additive mixtures for drug use made...

Valley polarization in bismuth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fauque, Benoit

2013-03-01

The electronic structure of certain crystal lattices can contain multiple degenerate valleys for their charge carriers to occupy. The principal challenge in the development of valleytronics is to lift the valley degeneracy of charge carriers in a controlled way. In bulk semi-metallic bismuth, the Fermi surface includes three cigar-shaped electron valleys lying almost perpendicular to the high symmetry axis known as the trigonal axis. The in-plane mass anisotropy of each valley exceeds 200 as a consequence of Dirac dispersion, which drastically reduces the effective mass along two out of the three orientations. According to our recent study of angle-dependent magnetoresistance in bismuth, a flow of Dirac electrons along the trigonal axis is extremely sensitive to the orientation of in-plane magnetic field. Thus, a rotatable magnetic field can be used as a valley valve to tune the contribution of each valley to the total conductivity. As a consequence of a unique combination of high mobility and extreme mass anisotropy in bismuth, the effect is visible even at room temperature in a magnetic field of 1 T. Thus, a modest magnetic field can be used as a valley valve in bismuth. The results of our recent investigation of angle-dependent magnetoresistance in other semi-metals and doped semiconductors suggest that a rotating magnetic field can behave as a valley valve in a multi-valley system with sizeable mass anisotropy.

Bismuth oxyfluoride @ CMK-3 nanocomposite as cathode for lithium ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ni, Dan; Sun, Wang; Xie, Liqiang; Fan, Qinghua; Wang, Zhenhua; Sun, Kening

2018-01-01

Bismuth oxyfluoride impregnated CMK-3 nanocomposite is synthesized by a facile nanocasting approach. Mesoporous carbon CMK-3 can suppress the aggregation and growth of bismuth oxyfluoride particles and offer rapid electron and Li ion passageways. Bismuth oxyfluoride nanoparticles are embedded in the mesoporous channels with particle size less than 20 nm. The bismuth oxyfluoride@CMK-3 nanocomposite maintains 148 mA h g-1 after 40 cycles with the capacity from both the bismuth oxyfluoride and the functional groups on the mesoporous carbon. The hybrid with confined bismuth oxyfluoride nanoparticles, conductive carbon network, and oxygen functional groups on the carbon matrix exhibits higher capacity and cycling stability than bulk bismuth oxyfluoride particles when used as lithium ion batteries cathode.

21 CFR 73.1162 - Bismuth oxychloride.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Bismuth oxychloride. 73.1162 Section 73.1162 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Drugs § 73.1162 Bismuth oxychloride. (a) Identity. (1) The...

21 CFR 73.1162 - Bismuth oxychloride.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Bismuth oxychloride. 73.1162 Section 73.1162 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Drugs § 73.1162 Bismuth oxychloride. (a) Identity. (1) The...

21 CFR 73.1162 - Bismuth oxychloride.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Bismuth oxychloride. 73.1162 Section 73.1162 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Drugs § 73.1162 Bismuth oxychloride. (a) Identity. (1) The...

Polarization Effects in the Luminescence of Cadmium Selenide Electrodes.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-09-29

UWIS/DC/TR-83/3 Polarization Effects in the Luminescence of Cadmium Selenide Electrodes by Holger H. Streckert, Hal Van Ryswyk, Richard N. Biagioni ...Streckert, Hal Van Ryswyk, N00014-78-C-0633 Richard N. Biagioni and Arthur B. Ellis 9PEFRIGOGNZTNNAEADADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASKS

Bismuth oxyhalide nanomaterials: layered structures meet photocatalysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Jie; Yu, Ying; Zhang, Lizhi

2014-07-01

In recent years, layered bismuth oxyhalide nanomaterials have received more and more interest as promising photocatalysts because their unique layered structures endow them with fascinating physicochemical properties; thus, they have great potential photocatalytic applications for environment remediation and energy harvesting. In this article, we explore the synthesis strategies and growth mechanisms of layered bismuth oxyhalide nanomaterials, and propose design principles of tailoring a layered configuration to control the nanoarchitectures for high efficient photocatalysis. Subsequently, we focus on their layered structure dependent properties, including pH-related crystal facet exposure and phase transformation, facet-dependent photoactivity and molecular oxygen activation pathways, so as to clarify the origin of the layered structure dependent photoreactivity. Furthermore, we summarize various strategies for modulating the composition and arrangement of layered structures to enhance the photoactivity of nanostructured bismuth oxyhalides via internal electric field tuning, dehalogenation effect, surface functionalization, doping, plasmon modification, and heterojunction construction, which may offer efficient guidance for the design and construction of high-performance bismuth oxyhalide-based photocatalysis systems. Finally, we highlight some crucial issues in engineering the layered-structure mediated properties of bismuth oxyhalide photocatalysts and provide tentative suggestions for future research on increasing their photocatalytic performance.

Bismuth Nephrotoxicity: Report of a Case

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gryboski, Joyce D.; Gotoff, Samuel P.

1961-12-28

A case of renal poisoning by bismuth thioglycolate is reported which demonstrates the nephrotoxicity of bismuth compounds in the pediatric age group. For treatment of warts the patient received a relatively small amount of bismuth thioglycollate (1.3 mg/kg body wt), and although the symptomatology was mild, the degree of azotemia was severe. Evidence of both tubular and glomerular damage was present, the former reflected by fixed urinary specific gravity and minimal glycosuria in the presence of a normal blood sugar, and the latter by azotemia and mild proteinuria. Backward diffusion of creatinine through damaged tubular epithelium probably contributed to themore » observed elevated plasma creatinine value, and the presence of a high anion content of serum probably represented retained phosphate, sulfate, and organic acids. The observed maculopapular rash probably corresponded to the socalled erythema of the ninth day, described previously as a rare manifestation of bismuth toxicity. The therapy employed was that for acute renal failure, but chelating agents, which are potential nephrotoxins, were not employed because of the known rapid excretion of bismuth thioglycollate. Rehydration was carried out, and electrolyte and protein intake was limited until diuresis was well established and the blood urea nitrogen had begun to fall. To avoid hyperkalemia, potassium restriction was carried out. Normal renal function was restored within a month after the onset of renal injury. It is suggested that the degree of sensitivity to the metal was related to the age of the patient and to the structural maturity of the kidney, for all cases of bismuth nephropathy reported the past 15 yr have occurred in the pediatric age group, children less than 3 yr being the most severely affected.« less

Thermodynamics Calculation and Experimental Study on Separation of Bismuth from a Bismuth Glance Concentrate Through a Low-Temperature Molten Salt Smelting Process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Jian-Guang; He, De-Wen; Tang, Chao-Bo; Chen, Yong-Ming; Sun, Ya-Hui; Tang, Mo-Tang

2011-08-01

The main purpose of this study is to characterize and separate bismuth from a bismuth glance concentrate through a low-temperature, sulfur-fixing smelting process. This article reports on a study conducted on the optimization of process parameters, such as Na2CO3 and zinc oxide wt pct in charging, smelting temperature, smelting duration on the bismuth yield, resultant crude bismuth grade, and sulfur-fixing rate. A maximum bismuth recovery of 97.31 pct, crude bismuth grade of 96.93 pct, and 98.23 pct sulfur-fixing rate are obtained when a charge (containing 63.50 wt pct of Na2CO3 and 22.50 wt pct of bismuth glance, as well as 5 pct in excess of the stoichiometric requirement of zinc oxide dosage) is smelted at 1000 K (727 °C) for 150 minutes. This smelting operation is free from atmospheric pollution because zinc oxide is used as the sulfur-fixing agent, which can capture sulfur from bismuth sulfide and form the more thermodynamic-stable compound, zinc sulfide. The solid residue is subjected to a mineral dressing operation to obtain suspension, which is filtered to produce a cake, representing the solid particles of zinc sulfide. Based on the results of the chemical content analysis of the as-resultant zinc sulfide, more than 93 pct zinc sulfide can be recovered, and the recovered zinc sulfide grade can reach 60.20 pct. This material can be sold as zinc sulfide concentrate or roasted to be regenerated as zinc oxide.

Double-Diffusive Convection During Growth of Halides and Selenides

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Singh, N. B.; Su, Ching-Hua; Duval, Walter M. B.

2015-01-01

Heavy metal halides and selenides have unique properties which make them excellent materials for chemical, biological and radiological sensors. Recently it has been shown that selenohalides are even better materials than halides or selenides for gamma-ray detection. These materials also meet the strong needs of a wide band imaging technology to cover ultra-violet (UV), midwave infrared wavelength (MWIR) to very long wavelength infrared (VLWIR) region for hyperspectral imager components such as etalon filters and acousto-optic tunable filters (AO). In fact AOTF based imagers based on these materials have some superiority than imagers based on liquid crystals, FTIR, Fabry-Perot, grating, etalon, electro-optic modulation, piezoelectric and several other concepts. For example, broadband spectral and imagers have problems of processing large amount of information during real-time observation. Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter (AOTF) imagers are being developed to fill the need of reducing processing time of data, low cost operation and key to achieving the goal of covering long-wave infrared (LWIR). At the present time spectral imaging systems are based on the use of diffraction gratings are typically used in a pushbroom or whiskbroom mode. They are mostly used in systems and acquire large amounts of hyperspectral data that is processed off-line later. In contrast, acousto-optic tunable filter spectral imagers require very little image processing, providing new strategies for object recognition and tracking. They are ideally suited for tactical situations requiring immediate real-time image processing. But the performance of these imagers depends on the quality and homogeneity of acousto-optic materials. In addition for many systems requirements are so demanding that crystals up to sizes of 10 cm length are desired. We have studied several selenides and halide crystals for laser and AO imagers for MWIR and LWIR wavelength regions. We have grown and fabricated crystals of

Bismuth-Silicon and Bismuth-Polyurethane Composite Shields for Breast Protection in Chest Computed Tomography Examinations

PubMed Central

Mehnati, Parinaz; Arash, Mehran; Akhlaghi, Parisa

2018-01-01

The article aims at constructing protective composite shields for breasts in chest computed tomography and investigating the effects of applying these new bismuth composites on dose and image quality. Polyurethane and silicon with 5% of bismuth were fabricated as a protective shield. At first, their efficiency in attenuating the X-ray beam was investigated by calculating the total attenuation coefficients at diagnostic energy range. Then, a physical chest phantom was scanned without and with these shields at tube voltage of 120 kVp, and image parameters together with dose values were studied. The results showed that these two shields have great effects on attenuating the X-ray beam, especially for lower energies (<40 kV), and in average, the attenuation coefficients of bismuth-polyurethane composite are higher in this energy range. The maximum relative differences between the average Hounsfield units (HUs) and noises of images without and with shield for both composites in 13 regions of interest were 4.5% and 15.7%, respectively. Moreover, primary investigation confirmed the ability of both shields (especially polyurethane-bismuth composite) in dose reduction. Comparing these two composites regarding the amount of dose reduction, the changes in HU and noise, and attenuation coefficients in diagnostic energy range, it seems that polyurethane composite is more useful for dose reduction, especially for higher tube voltages. PMID:29628636

Enhancement of bismuth antibacterial activity with lipophilic thiol chelators.

PubMed Central

Domenico, P; Salo, R J; Novick, S G; Schoch, P E; Van Horn, K; Cunha, B A

1997-01-01

The antibacterial properties of bismuth are greatly enhanced when bismuth is combined with certain lipophilic thiol compounds. Antibacterial activity was enhanced from 25- to 300-fold by the following seven different thiols, in order of decreasing synergy: 1,3-propanedithiol, dimercaprol (BAL), dithiothreitol, 3-mercapto-2-butanol, beta-mercaptoethanol, 1-monothioglycerol, and mercaptoethylamine. The dithiols produced the greatest synergy with bismuth at optimum bismuth-thiol molar ratios of from 3:1 to 1:1. The monothiols were generally not as synergistic and required molar ratios of from 1:1 to 1:4 for optimum antibacterial activity. The most-active mono- or dithiols were also the most soluble in butanol. The intensity of the yellow formed by bismuth-thiol complexes reflected the degree of chelation and correlated with antibacterial potency at high molar ratios. The bismuth-BAL compound (BisBAL) was active against most bacteria, as assessed by broth dilution, agar diffusion, and agar dilution analyses. Staphylococci (MIC, 5 to 7 microM Bi3+) and Helicobacter pylori (MIC, 2.2 microM) were among the most sensitive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive (MIC, < 17 microM). Enterococci were relatively resistant (MIC, 63 microM Bi3+). The MIC range for anaerobes was 15 to 100 microM Bi3+, except for Clostridium difficile (MIC, 7.5 microM). Bactericidal activity averaged 29% above the MIC. Bactericidal activity increased with increasing pH and/or increasing temperature. Bismuth-thiol solubility, stability, and antibacterial activity depended on pH and the bismuth-thiol molar ratio. BisBAL was stable but ineffective against Escherichia coli at pH 4. Activity and instability (reactivity) increased with increasing alkalinity. BisBAL was acid soluble at a molar ratio of greater than 3:2 and alkaline soluble at a molar ratio of less than 2:3. In conclusion, certain lipophilic thiol compounds enhanced bismuth antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of

Synthesis, structure, and thermal properties of soluble hydrazinium germanium(IV) and tin(IV) selenide salts.

PubMed

Mitzi, David B

2005-05-16

The crystal structures of two hydrazinium-based germanium(IV) and tin(IV) selenide salts are determined. (N(2)H(5))(4)Ge(2)Se(6) (1) [I4(1)cd, a = 12.708(1) Angstroms, c = 21.955(2) Angstroms, Z = 8] and (N(2)H(4))(3)(N(2)H(5))(4)Sn(2)Se(6) (2) [P, a = 6.6475(6) Angstroms, b = 9.5474(9) Angstroms, c = 9.8830(10) Angstroms, alpha = 94.110(2) degrees, beta = 99.429(2) degrees, gamma = 104.141(2) degrees, Z = 1] each consist of anionic dimers of edge-sharing metal selenide tetrahedra, M(2)Se(6)(4-) (M = Ge or Sn), separated by hydrazinium cations and, for 2, additional neutral hydrazine molecules. Substantial hydrogen bonding exists among the hydrazine/hydrazinium molecules as well as between the hydrazinium cations and the selenide anions. Whereas the previously reported tin(IV) sulfide system, (N(2)H(5))(4)Sn(2)S(6), decomposes cleanly to microcrystalline SnS(2) when heated to 200 degrees C in an inert atmosphere, higher temperatures (>300 degrees C) are required to dissociate selenium from 1 and 2 for the analogous preparations of single-phase metal selenides. The metal chalcogenide salts are highly soluble in hydrazine, as well as in a variety of amines and DMSO, highlighting the potential usefulness of these compounds as precursors for the solution deposition of the corresponding metal chalcogenide films.

Co-electrospun lead selenide/titania-core/sheath nanowires for photovoltaic applications.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2012-12-01

This study presents a novel, low-cost, all-inorganic lead selenide-titania (PbSe/TiO2) nanowire : heterostructure material synthesis for photovoltaic applications. PbSe nanorods (NRs) have been coelectrospun : within a TiO2 nanotube with high connect...

Liquid Bismuth Feed System for Electric Propulsion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Markusic, T. E.; Polzin, K. A.; Stanojev, B. J.

2006-01-01

Operation of Hall thrusters with bismuth propellant has been shown to be a promising path toward high-power, high-performance, long-lifetime electric propulsion for spaceflight missions. For example, the VHITAL project aims td accurately, experimentally assess the performance characteristics of 10 kW-class bismuth-fed Hall thrusters - in order to validate earlier results and resuscitate a promising technology that has been relatively dormant for about two decades. A critical element of these tests will be the precise metering of propellant to the thruster, since performance cannot be accurately assessed without an accurate accounting of mass flow rate. Earlier work used a pre/post-test propellant weighing scheme that did not provide any real-time measurement of mass flow rate while the thruster was firing, and makes subsequent performance calculations difficult. The motivation of the present work was to develop a precision liquid bismuth Propellant Management System (PMS) that provides real-time propellant mass flow rate measurement and control, enabling accurate thruster performance measurements. Additionally, our approach emphasizes the development of new liquid metal flow control components and, hence, will establish a basis for the future development of components for application in spaceflight. The design of various critical components in a bismuth PMS are described - reservoir, electromagnetic pump, hotspot flow sensor, and automated control system. Particular emphasis is given to material selection and high-temperature sealing techniques. Open loop calibration test results are reported, which validate the systems capability to deliver bismuth at mass flow rates ranging from 10 to 100 mg/sec with an uncertainty of less than +/- 5%. Results of integrated vaporizer/liquid PMS tests demonstrate all of the necessary elements of a complete bismuth feed system for electric propulsion.

Bursting at the Seams: Rippled Monolayer Bismuth on NbSe 2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fang, Alan; Adamo, Carolina; Jia, Shuang

Bismuth, one of the heaviest semimetals in nature, ignited the interest of the materials-physics community for its potential impact on topological quantum-material systems that utilize its strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and unique orbital hybridization. In particular, recent theoretical predictions of unique topological and superconducting properties of thin bismuth films and interfaces prompted intense research on the growth of sub- to a few monolayers of bismuth on different substrates. Similar to bulk rhombohedral bismuth, the initial growth of bismuth films on most substrates results in buckled bilayers that either grow in the (111) or (110) directions, with a lattice constant closemore » to that of bulk Bi. By contrast, in this paper we show a new growth pattern for bismuth monolayers on NbSe 2. We find that the initial growth of Bi can form a strongly bonded commensurate layer, resulting in a compressively strained two-dimensional triangular lattice. A unique pattern of 1D ripples and domain walls is observed. The single layer of bismuth also introduces strong marks on the electronic properties at the surface.« less

Bursting at the Seams: Rippled Monolayer Bismuth on NbSe 2

DOE PAGES

Fang, Alan; Adamo, Carolina; Jia, Shuang; ...

2018-04-13

Bismuth, one of the heaviest semimetals in nature, ignited the interest of the materials-physics community for its potential impact on topological quantum-material systems that utilize its strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and unique orbital hybridization. In particular, recent theoretical predictions of unique topological and superconducting properties of thin bismuth films and interfaces prompted intense research on the growth of sub- to a few monolayers of bismuth on different substrates. Similar to bulk rhombohedral bismuth, the initial growth of bismuth films on most substrates results in buckled bilayers that either grow in the (111) or (110) directions, with a lattice constant closemore » to that of bulk Bi. By contrast, in this paper we show a new growth pattern for bismuth monolayers on NbSe 2. We find that the initial growth of Bi can form a strongly bonded commensurate layer, resulting in a compressively strained two-dimensional triangular lattice. A unique pattern of 1D ripples and domain walls is observed. The single layer of bismuth also introduces strong marks on the electronic properties at the surface.« less

Ultrasonication of Bismuth Telluride Nanocrystals Fabricated by Solvothermal Method

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chu, Sang-Hyon; Choi, Sang H.; Kim, Jae-Woo; King, Glen C.; Elliott, James R.

2006-01-01

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of ultrasonication on bismuth telluride nanocrystals prepared by solvothermal method. In this study, a low dimensional nanocrystal of bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) was synthesized by a solvothermal process in an autoclave at 180 C and 200 psi. During the solvothermal reaction, organic surfactants effectively prevented unwanted aggregation of nanocrystals in a selected solvent while controlling the shape of the nanocrystal. The atomic ratio of bismuth and tellurium was determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The cavitational energy created by the ultrasonic probe was varied by the ultrasonication process time, while power amplitude remained constant. The nanocrystal size and its size distribution were measured by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and a dynamic light scattering system. When the ultrasonication time increased, the average size of bismuth telluride nanocrystal gradually increased due to the direct collision of nanocrystals. The polydispersity of the nanocrystals showed a minimum when the ultrasonication was applied for 5 min. Keywords: bismuth telluride, nanocrystal, low-dimensional, ultrasonication, solvothermal

Bismuth-doped optical fibres: A new breakthrough in near-IR lasing media

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dianov, Evgenii M

Recent results demonstrate that bismuth-doped optical fibres have considerable potential as near-IR active lasing media. This paper examines bismuth-doped fibres intended for the fabrication of fibre lasers and optical amplifiers and reviews recent results on the luminescence properties of various types of bismuth-doped fibres and the performance of bismuth-doped fibre lasers and optical amplifiers for the spectral range 1150 - 1550 nm. Problems are discussed that have yet to be solved in order to improve the efficiency of the bismuth lasers and optical amplifiers. (optical fibres, lasers and amplifiers. properties and applications)

Thermodynamics of Pb17Li-bismuth interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hubberstey, Peter; Sample, Tony

1994-09-01

Thermodynamic calculations of the PbBiLi ternary system have been completed to rationalise the formation of solid Li 3Bi on reaction of liquid Pb17Li with bismuth. At 723 K, the bismuth activity in equilibrium with liquid Pi17Li and solid Li 3Bi is calculated to be 9.50 × 10 -4; this can be correlated to a solubility of 2.09 × 10 -1 mol% Bi(2520 wppm). The corresponding bismuth activity in equilibrium with liquid Pb17Li and solid LiBi is 5.04 × 10 -2 (an extrapolated value as LiBi decomposes peritectically at 688 K). The minimum lithium content of PbLi alloys required to react with unit activity bismuth to form Li 3Bi at 723 K is calculated to be ˜ 1.8 mol% Li. The dominance of Li 3Bi in the PbBiLi system is attributed to its extreme stability as evidenced by both its high melting point (1418 K) and free energy of formation [ ΔGf0(Li 3Bi, c 723 K) = 212.8 kJ mol -1].

Microwave-induced Bismuth Salts-mediated Synthesis of Molecules of Medicinal Interests.

PubMed

Bandyopadhyay, Debasish; Chavez, Ashlee; Banik, Bimal K

2017-01-01

Bismuth salts-mediated reactions have become a powerful tool for the synthesis of diverse medicinally-significant compounds because of their low-toxicity (non-toxic) and Lewis acidic capacity. In fact, LD50 of bismuth nitrate is lower than table salt. On the other hand, microwave-induced chemical synthesis is considered as a major greener route in modern chemistry. A total of 139 publications (including a few authentic web links) have been reviewed mainly to discuss bismuth salts-induced electrophilic aromatic substitution, protection-deprotection chemistry of carbonyl compounds, enamination, oxidation, carbohydrate chemistry, hydrolysis, addition-elimination route, Paal-Knorr reaction, Clauson-kaas synthesis, Michael addition, aza-Michael addition, Hantzsch reaction, Biginelli reaction, Ferrier rearrangement, Pechmann condensation, Diels-Alder and aza-Diels- Alder reactions, as well as effects of microwave irradiation in a wide range of chemical transformations. Bismuth salts-mediated reactions are developed for the synthesis of diverse organic molecules of medicinal significance. Reactions conducted with bismuth salts are environmentally benign, economical, rapid and high yielding. Microwave irradiation has accelerated these reactions significantly. It is believed that bismuth salts released corresponding acids in the media during the reaction. However, a coordination of bismuth salt to the electronegative atom is also observed in the NMR study. Bismuth has much less control (less attractive forces) over anions (for example, halides, nitrate, sulfate and triflates) compared to alkali metals. Therefore, it forms weak bond with electronegative atoms more readily and facilitates the reactions significantly. Many products obtained via bismuth salts-mediated reactions are medicinally active or intermediate for the synthesis of biologically active molecules including antifungal, anti-parasitic, anticancer and antibacterial agents, as well as agents to prevent

Basic electronic properties of iron selenide under variation of structural parameters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guterding, Daniel; Jeschke, Harald O.; Valentí, Roser

2017-09-01

Since the discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in the thin-film FeSe /SrTiO3 system, iron selenide and its derivates have been intensively scrutinized. Using ab initio density functional theory calculations we review the electronic structures that could be realized in iron selenide if the structural parameters could be tuned at liberty. We calculate the momentum dependence of the susceptibility and investigate the symmetry of electron pairing within the random phase approximation. Both the susceptibility and the symmetry of electron pairing depend on the structural parameters in a nontrivial way. These results are consistent with the known experimental behavior of binary iron chalcogenides and, at the same time, reveal two promising ways of tuning superconducting transition temperatures in these materials: on one hand by expanding the iron lattice of FeSe at constant iron-selenium distance and, on the other hand, by increasing the iron-selenium distance with unchanged iron lattice.

Recent Advances in Bismuth-Based Nanomaterials for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting.

PubMed

Bhat, Swetha S M; Jang, Ho Won

2017-08-10

In recent years, bismuth-based nanomaterials have drawn considerable interest as potential candidates for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting owing to their narrow band gaps, nontoxicity, and low costs. The unique electronic structure of bismuth-based materials with a well-dispersed valence band comprising Bi 6s and O 2p orbitals offers a suitable band gap to harvest visible light. This Review presents significant advancements in exploiting bismuth-based nanomaterials for solar water splitting. An overview of the different strategies employed and the new ideas adopted to improve the PEC performance of bismuth-based nanomaterials are discussed. Morphology control, the construction of heterojunctions, doping, and co-catalyst loading are several approaches that are implemented to improve the efficiency of solar water splitting. Key issues are identified and guidelines are suggested to rationalize the design of efficient bismuth-based materials for sunlight-driven water splitting. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Solid Solution, Mass Transport, and Crystal Growth Studies of Cadmium Iron Selenide.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Xuejun

Cadmium iron selenide, a semimagnetic semiconductor, has been investigated. Solid solubilities of iron in CdSe were determined at temperatures between 650^ circC and 1100^circC, using the X-ray diffraction Debye-Scherrer powder technique. The solubility limits of Fe in CdSe increase with the temperatures to reach a maximum of about 19.5 mole % FeSe_ {1.24} at 925^circ C, and then decrease with further increasing temperature. Solidification phenomena of the Cd-Fe-Se solid solutions were observed employing optical microscopy, which reveals a typical divorced, eutectic type, nonequilibrium solidification. The combination of the X-ray diffraction and the microscopic investigations yielded a pseudo-binary, eutectic type phase diagram of the Cd-Fe-Se system. Partial pressures of the major vapor species in the Cd-Fe-Se physical and the Cd-Fe-Se-Iodine chemical vapor transport systems were calculated. The partial pressure of gaseous iron species of the PVT system may be neglected compared to those of Cd and Se_2^ecies. This suggests that cadmium iron selenide crystals cannot be grown by the PVT method. For the PVT experiments, using the as-synthesized (CdSe)_ {0.90}(FeSe_{1.24})_{0.10 } source materials, crystals with compositions of 6-8 mole % FeSe_{1.24} were grown at a source temperature of 1000^ circC and a DeltaT of 12^circC. These result are contradictory to the thermodynamic predictions, and were further investigated employing specially purified source materials. Iron contents in the crystals grown in these experiments are close to zero. The transport of iron in the initial mass transport experiments may be due to the chemical impurities (most likely the metal chlorides) in the as-synthesized source materials. Mass transport experiments of the Cd-Fe-Se-Iodine CVT system were performed as a function of source temperatures, the degrees of undercooling (DeltaT), and initial iodine pressures. Promising parameters for the growth of cadmium iron selenide single crystals

METHOD OF SEPARATING FISSION PRODUCTS FROM FUSED BISMUTH-CONTAINING URANIUM

DOEpatents

Wiswall, R.H.

1958-06-24

A process is described for removing metal selectively from liquid metal compositions. The method effects separation of flssion product metals selectively from dilute solution in fused bismuth, which contains uraniunn in solution without removal of more than 1% of the uranium. The process comprises contacting the fused bismuth with a fused salt composition consisting of sodium, potassium and lithium chlorides, adding to fused bismuth and molten salt a quantity of bismuth chloride which is stoichiometrically required to convert the flssion product metals to be removed to their chlorides which are more stable in the fused salt than in the molten metal and are, therefore, preferentially taken up in the fused salt phase.

Zerovalent bismuth nanoparticles inhibit Streptococcus mutans growth and formation of biofilm

PubMed Central

Hernandez-Delgadillo, Rene; Velasco-Arias, Donaji; Diaz, David; Arevalo-Niño, Katiushka; Garza-Enriquez, Marianela; De la Garza-Ramos, Myriam A; Cabral-Romero, Claudio

2012-01-01

Background and methods Despite continuous efforts, the increasing prevalence of resistance among pathogenic bacteria to common antibiotics has become one of the most significant concerns in modern medicine. Nanostructured materials are used in many fields, including biological sciences and medicine. While some bismuth derivatives has been used in medicine to treat vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, and stomach pain, the biocidal activity of zerovalent bismuth nanoparticles has not yet been studied. The objective of this investigation was to analyze the antimicrobial activity of bismuth nanoparticles against oral bacteria and their antibiofilm capabilities. Results Our results showed that stable colloidal bismuth nanoparticles had 69% antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans growth and achieved complete inhibition of biofilm formation. These results are similar to those obtained with chlorhexidine, the most commonly used oral antiseptic agent. The minimal inhibitory concentration of bismuth nanoparticles that interfered with S. mutans growth was 0.5 mM. Conclusion These results suggest that zerovalent bismuth nanoparticles could be an interesting antimicrobial agent to be incorporated into an oral antiseptic preparation. PMID:22619547

Helicobacter pylori second-line rescue therapy with levofloxacin- and bismuth-containing quadruple therapy, after failure of standard triple or non-bismuth quadruple treatments.

PubMed

Gisbert, J P; Romano, M; Gravina, A G; Solís-Muñoz, P; Bermejo, F; Molina-Infante, J; Castro-Fernández, M; Ortuño, J; Lucendo, A J; Herranz, M; Modolell, I; Del Castillo, F; Gómez, J; Barrio, J; Velayos, B; Gómez, B; Domínguez, J L; Miranda, A; Martorano, M; Algaba, A; Pabón, M; Angueira, T; Fernández-Salazar, L; Federico, A; Marín, A C; McNicholl, A G

2015-04-01

The most commonly used second-line Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens are bismuth-containing quadruple therapy and levofloxacin-containing triple therapy, both offering suboptimal results. Combining bismuth and levofloxacin may enhance the efficacy of rescue eradication regimens. To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a second-line quadruple regimen containing levofloxacin and bismuth in patients whose previous H. pylori eradication treatment failed. This was a prospective multicenter study including patients in whom a standard triple therapy (PPI-clarithromycin-amoxicillin) or a non-bismuth quadruple therapy (PPI-clarithromycin-amoxicillin-metronidazole, either sequential or concomitant) had failed. Esomeprazole (40 mg b.d.), amoxicillin (1 g b.d.), levofloxacin (500 mg o.d.) and bismuth (240 mg b.d.) was prescribed for 14 days. Eradication was confirmed by (13) C-urea breath test. Compliance was determined through questioning and recovery of empty medication envelopes. Incidence of adverse effects was evaluated by questionnaires. 200 patients were included consecutively (mean age 47 years, 67% women, 13% ulcer). Previous failed therapy included: standard clarithromycin triple therapy (131 patients), sequential (32) and concomitant (37). A total of 96% took all medications correctly. Per-protocol and intention-to-treat eradication rates were 91.1% (95%CI = 87-95%) and 90% (95%CI = 86-94%). Cure rates were similar regardless of previous (failed) treatment or country of origin. Adverse effects were reported in 46% of patients, most commonly nausea (17%) and diarrhoea (16%); 3% were intense but none was serious. Fourteen-day bismuth- and levofloxacin-containing quadruple therapy is an effective (≥90% cure rate), simple and safe second-line strategy in patients whose previous standard triple or non-bismuth quadruple (sequential or concomitant) therapies have failed. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Characterization of aluminum selenide bi-layer thin film

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boolchandani, Sarita; Soni, Gyanesh; Srivastava, Subodh; Vijay, Y. K.

2018-05-01

The Aluminum Selenide (AlSe) bi-layer thin films were grown on glass substrate using thermal evaporation method under high vacuum condition. The morphological characterization was done using SEM. Electrical measurement with temperature variation shows that thin films exhibit the semiconductor nature. The optical properties of prepared thin films have also been characterized by UV-VIS spectroscopy measurements. The band gap of composite thin films has been calculated by Tauc's relation at different temperature ranging 35°C-100°C.

Pairing from dynamically screened Coulomb repulsion in bismuth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ruhman, Jonathan; Lee, Patrick A.

2017-12-01

Recently, Prakash et al. have discovered bulk superconductivity in single crystals of bismuth, which is a semimetal with extremely low carrier density. At such low density, we argue that conventional electron-phonon coupling is too weak to be responsible for the binding of electrons into Cooper pairs. We study a dynamically screened Coulomb interaction with effective attraction generated on the scale of the collective plasma modes. We model the electronic states in bismuth to include three Dirac pockets with high velocity and one hole pocket with a significantly smaller velocity. We find a weak-coupling instability, which is greatly enhanced by the presence of the hole pocket. Therefore we argue that bismuth is the first material to exhibit superconductivity driven by retardation effects of Coulomb repulsion alone. By using realistic parameters for bismuth we find that the acoustic plasma mode does not play the central role in pairing. We also discuss a matrix element effect, resulting from the Dirac nature of the conduction band, which may affect Tc in the s -wave channel without breaking time-reversal symmetry.

The Advent of Indium Selenide: Synthesis, Electronic Properties, Ambient Stability and Applications

PubMed Central

Boukhvalov, Danil W.; Gürbulak, Bekir; Duman, Songül; Wang, Lin; Caputi, Lorenzo S.; Chiarello, Gennaro; Cupolillo, Anna

2017-01-01

Among the various two-dimensional semiconductors, indium selenide has recently triggered the interest of scientific community, due to its band gap matching the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, with subsequent potential applications in optoelectronics and especially in photodetection. In this feature article, we discuss the main issues in the synthesis, the ambient stability and the application capabilities of this novel class of two-dimensional semiconductors, by evidencing open challenges and pitfalls. In particular, we evidence how the growth of single crystals with reduced amount of Se vacancies is crucial in the road map for the exploitation of indium selenide in technology through ambient-stable nanodevices with outstanding values of both mobility of charge carriers and ON/OFF ratio. The surface chemical reactivity of the InSe surface, as well as applications in the fields of broadband photodetection, flexible electronics and solar energy conversion are also discussed. PMID:29113090

Nano-scaled top-down of bismuth chalcogenides based on electrochemical lithium intercalation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Jikun; Zhu, Yingjie; Chen, Nuofu; Liu, Xinling; Sun, Zhengliang; Huang, Zhenghong; Kang, Feiyu; Gao, Qiuming; Jiang, Jun; Chen, Lidong

2011-12-01

A two-step method has been used to fabricate nano-particles of layer-structured bismuth chalcogenide compounds, including Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3, and Bi2Se0.3Te2.7, through a nano-scaled top-down route. In the first step, lithium (Li) atoms are intercalated between the van der Waals bonded quintuple layers of bismuth chalcogenide compounds by controllable electrochemical process inside self-designed lithium ion batteries. And in the second step, the Li intercalated bismuth chalcogenides are subsequently exposed to ethanol, in which process the intercalated Li atoms would explode like atom-scaled bombs to exfoliate original microscaled powder into nano-scaled particles with size around 10 nm. The influence of lithium intercalation speed and amount to three types of bismuth chalcogenide compounds are compared and the optimized intercalation conditions are explored. As to maintain the phase purity of the final nano-particle product, the intercalation lithium amount should be well controlled in Se contained bismuth chalcogenide compounds. Besides, compared with binary bismuth chalcogenide compound, lower lithium intercalation speed should be applied in ternary bismuth chalcogenide compound.

Sustainable p-type copper selenide solar material with ultra-large absorption coefficient

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen, Erica M.; Williams, Logan; Olvera, Alan

We report the synthesis of CTSe, a p-type titanium copper selenide semiconductor. Its band gap (1.15 eV) and its ultra-large absorption coefficient (10 5 cm −1 ) in the entire visible range make it a promising Earth-abundant solar absorber material.

Sustainable p-type copper selenide solar material with ultra-large absorption coefficient

DOE PAGES

Chen, Erica M.; Williams, Logan; Olvera, Alan; ...

2018-01-01

We report the synthesis of CTSe, a p-type titanium copper selenide semiconductor. Its band gap (1.15 eV) and its ultra-large absorption coefficient (10 5 cm −1 ) in the entire visible range make it a promising Earth-abundant solar absorber material.

Extreme Pressure Synergistic Mechanism of Bismuth Naphthenate and Sulfurized Isobutene Additives

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Xin; Hu, Jianqiang; Yang, Shizhao; Xie, Feng; Guo, Li

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the tribological performances of bismuth naphthenate (BiNap), sulfurized isobutene (VSB), and their combinations. The results show that the antiwear properties of BiNap and VSB are not very visible, but they possess good extreme pressure (EP) properties, particularly sulfur containing bismuth additives. Synergistic EP properties of BiNap with various sulfur-containing additives were investigated. The results indicate that BiNap exhibits good EP synergism with sulfur-containing additives. The surface analytical tools, such as X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), were used to investigate the topography, composition contents, and depth profile of some typical elements on the rubbing surface. Smooth topography of wear scar further confirms that the additive showed good EP capacities, and XPS and EDX analyzes indicate that tribochemical mixed protective films composed of bismuth, bismuth oxides, sulfides, and sulfates are formed on the rubbing surface, which improves the tribological properties of lubricants. In particular, a large number of bismuth atoms and bismuth sulfides play an important role in improving the EP properties of oils.

Localization and Related Phenomena in Multiply Connected Nanostructured Inverse Opal Bismuth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bleiweiss, Michael; Saygi, Salih; Amirzadeh, Jafar; Datta, Timir; Lungu, Anca; Yin, Ming; Palm, Eric; Brandt, Bruce; Iqbal, Zafar

2001-03-01

The nanostructures were fabricated by pressure infiltration of bismuth into porous artificial opal and were characterized using SEM, EDX and XRD. These structures form a regular three-dimensional network in which the bismuth regions percolate in all directions between the close packed spheres of SiO_2. The sizes of the conducting regions are of the order of tens of nanometers. The static magnetic properties of both bismuth inverse opal and bulk bismuth were studied using a SQUID magnetometer. Transport measurements, including Hall, were done using standard ac four and six probe techniques in fields up to 17 T* and temperatures between 4.2 and 150 K. The results of these measurements, including the observation of localization phenomena, will be discussed. Comparisons will be made with published results on bismuth nanowires. *Performed at the National High Magnetic Field Lab (NHMFL) FSU, Tallahassee, FL. Partially supported by a grant from NASA.

Bismuth-based electrochemical stripping analysis

DOEpatents

Wang, Joseph

2004-01-27

Method and apparatus for trace metal detection and analysis using bismuth-coated electrodes and electrochemical stripping analysis. Both anodic stripping voltammetry and adsorptive stripping analysis may be employed.

Bismuth oxide aqueous colloidal nanoparticles inhibit Candida albicans growth and biofilm formation

PubMed Central

Hernandez-Delgadillo, Rene; Velasco-Arias, Donaji; Martinez-Sanmiguel, Juan Jose; Diaz, David; Zumeta-Dube, Inti; Arevalo-Niño, Katiushka; Cabral-Romero, Claudio

2013-01-01

Multiresistance among microorganisms to common antimicrobials has become one of the most significant concerns in modern medicine. Nanomaterials are a new alternative to successfully treat the multiresistant microorganisms. Nanostructured materials are used in many fields, including biological sciences and medicine. Recently, it was demonstrated that the bactericidal activity of zero-valent bismuth colloidal nanoparticles inhibited the growth of Streptococcus mutans; however the antimycotic potential of bismuth nanostructured derivatives has not yet been studied. The main objective of this investigation was to analyze the fungicidal activity of bismuth oxide nanoparticles against Candida albicans, and their antibiofilm capabilities. Our results showed that aqueous colloidal bismuth oxide nanoparticles displayed antimicrobial activity against C. albicans growth (reducing colony size by 85%) and a complete inhibition of biofilm formation. These results are better than those obtained with chlorhexidine, nystatin, and terbinafine, the most effective oral antiseptic and commercial antifungal agents. In this work, we also compared the antimycotic activities of bulk bismuth oxide and bismuth nitrate, the precursor metallic salt. These results suggest that bismuth oxide colloidal nanoparticles could be a very interesting candidate as a fungicidal agent to be incorporated into an oral antiseptic. Additionally, we determined the minimum inhibitory concentration for the synthesized aqueous colloidal Bi2O3 nanoparticles. PMID:23637533

Compact and Integrated Liquid Bismuth Propellant Feed System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Polzin, Kurt A.; Stanojev, Boris; Korman, Valentin; Gross, Jeffrey T.

2007-01-01

Operation of Hall thrusters with bismuth propellant has been shown to be a promising path toward high-power, high-performance, long-lifetime electric propulsion for spaceflight missions [1]. There has been considerable effort in the past three years aimed at resuscitating this promising technology and validating earlier experimental results indicating the advantages of a bismuth-fed Hall thruster. A critical element of the present effort is the precise metering of propellant to the thruster, since performance cannot be accurately assessed without an accurate accounting of mass flow rate. Earlier work used a pre./post-test propellant weighing scheme that did not provide any real-time measurement of mass flow rate while the thruster was firing, and makes subsequent performance calculations difficult. The motivation of the present work is to develop a precision liquid bismuth Propellant Management System (PMS) that provides hot, molten bismuth to the thruster while simultaneously monitoring in real-time the propellant mass flow rate. The system is a derivative of our previous propellant feed system [2], but the present system represents a more compact design. In addition, all control electronics are integrated into a single unit and designed to reside on a thrust stand and operate in the relevant vacuum environment where the thruster is operating, significantly increasing the present technology readiness level of liquid metal propellant feed systems. The design of various critical components in a bismuth PMS are described. These include the bismuth reservoir and pressurization system, 'hotspot' flow sensor, power system and integrated control system. Particular emphasis is given to selection of the electronics employed in this system and the methods that were used to isolate the power and control systems from the high-temperature portions of the feed system and thruster. Open loop calibration test results from the 'hotspot' flow sensor are reported, and results of

40 CFR 471.10 - Applicability; description of the lead-tin-bismuth forming subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...-tin-bismuth forming subcategory. 471.10 Section 471.10 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... METAL POWDERS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lead-Tin-Bismuth Forming Subcategory § 471.10 Applicability; description of the lead-tin-bismuth forming subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges of pollutants to...

40 CFR 471.10 - Applicability; description of the lead-tin-bismuth forming subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...-tin-bismuth forming subcategory. 471.10 Section 471.10 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... METAL POWDERS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lead-Tin-Bismuth Forming Subcategory § 471.10 Applicability; description of the lead-tin-bismuth forming subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges of pollutants to...

40 CFR 471.10 - Applicability; description of the lead-tin-bismuth forming subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...-tin-bismuth forming subcategory. 471.10 Section 471.10 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... METAL POWDERS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lead-Tin-Bismuth Forming Subcategory § 471.10 Applicability; description of the lead-tin-bismuth forming subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges of pollutants to...

40 CFR 471.10 - Applicability; description of the lead-tin-bismuth forming subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...-tin-bismuth forming subcategory. 471.10 Section 471.10 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lead-Tin-Bismuth Forming Subcategory § 471.10 Applicability; description of the lead-tin-bismuth forming subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges of pollutants to waters of the...

40 CFR 471.10 - Applicability; description of the lead-tin-bismuth forming subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...-tin-bismuth forming subcategory. 471.10 Section 471.10 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lead-Tin-Bismuth Forming Subcategory § 471.10 Applicability; description of the lead-tin-bismuth forming subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges of pollutants to waters of the...

Bismuth Passivation Technique for High-Resolution X-Ray Detectors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chervenak, James; Hess, Larry

2013-01-01

The Athena-plus team requires X-ray sensors with energy resolution of better than one part in 3,000 at 6 keV X-rays. While bismuth is an excellent material for high X-ray stopping power and low heat capacity (for large signal when an X-ray is stopped by the absorber), oxidation of the bismuth surface can lead to electron traps and other effects that degrade the energy resolution. Bismuth oxide reduction and nitride passivation techniques analogous to those used in indium passivation are being applied in a new technique. The technique will enable improved energy resolution and resistance to aging in bismuth-absorber-coupled X-ray sensors. Elemental bismuth is lithographically integrated into X-ray detector circuits. It encounters several steps where the Bi oxidizes. The technology discussed here will remove oxide from the surface of the Bi and replace it with nitridized surface. Removal of the native oxide and passivating to prevent the growth of the oxide will improve detector performance and insulate the detector against future degradation from oxide growth. Placing the Bi coated sensor in a vacuum system, a reduction chemistry in a plasma (nitrogen/hydrogen (N2/H2) + argon) is used to remove the oxide and promote nitridization of the cleaned Bi surface. Once passivated, the Bi will perform as a better X-ray thermalizer since energy will not be trapped in the bismuth oxides on the surface. A simple additional step, which can be added at various stages of the current fabrication process, can then be applied to encapsulate the Bi film. After plasma passivation, the Bi can be capped with a non-diffusive layer of metal or dielectric. A non-superconducting layer is required such as tungsten or tungsten nitride (WNx).

Burnout current density of bismuth nanowires

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cornelius, T. W.; Picht, O.; Müller, S.; Neumann, R.; Völklein, F.; Karim, S.; Duan, J. L.

2008-05-01

Single bismuth nanowires with diameters ranging from 100nmto1μm were electrochemically deposited in ion track-etched single-pore polycarbonate membranes. The maximum current density the wires are able to carry was investigated by ramping up the current until failure occurred. It increases by three to four orders of magnitude for nanowires embedded in the template compared to bulk bismuth and rises with diminishing diameter. Simulations show that the wires are heated up electrically to the melting temperature. Since the surface-to-volume ratio rises with diminishing diameter, thinner wires dissipate the heat more efficiently to the surrounding polymer matrix and, thus, can tolerate larger current densities.

Short-term static corrosion tests in lead-bismuth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soler Crespo, L.; Martín Muñoz, F. J.; Gómez Briceño, D.

2001-07-01

Martensitic steels have been proposed to be used as structural materials and as spallation target window in hybrid systems devoted to the transmutation of radioactive waste of long life and high activity. However, their compatibility with lead-bismuth in the operating conditions of these systems depends on the existence of a protective layer such as an oxide film. The feasibility of forming and maintaining an oxide layer or maintaining a pre-oxidised one has been studied. Martensitic steel F82Hmod. (8% Cr) has been tested in lead-bismuth under static and isothermal conditions at 400°C and 600°C. In order to study the first stages of the interaction between the steel and the eutectic, short-term tests (100 and 665 h) have been carried out. Pre-oxidised and as-received samples have been tested in atmospheres with different oxidant potential. For low oxygen concentration in lead-bismuth due to unexpected oxygen consumption in the experimental device, dissolution of as-received F82Hmod. occurs and pre-oxidation does not prevent the material dissolution. For high oxygen concentration, the pre-oxidation layer seems to improve the feasibility of protecting stainless steels controlling the oxygen potential of lead-bismuth with a gas phase.

Bismuth-induced Raman modes in GaP 1– xBi x

DOE PAGES

Christian, Theresa M.; Fluegel, Brian; Beaton, Daniel A.; ...

2016-09-02

Here, dilute bismide semiconductor alloys are a promising material platform for optoelectronic devices due to drastic impacts of bismuth on the electronic structure of the alloy. At the same time, the details of bismuth incorporation in the lattice are not fully understood. In this work, we conduct Raman scattering spectroscopy on GaP 1- xBi x epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and identify several bismuth-related Raman features including gap vibration modes at 296, 303, and 314 cm -1. This study paves the way for more detailed analysis of the local symmetry at bismuth incorporation sites in the dilute bismidemore » alloy regime.« less

METHOD OF PREPARING URANIUM, THORIUM, OR PLUTONIUM OXIDES IN LIQUID BISMUTH

DOEpatents

Davidson, J.K.; Robb, W.L.; Salmon, O.N.

1960-11-22

A method is given for forming compositions, as well as the compositions themselves, employing uranium hydride in a liquid bismuth composition to increase the solubility of uranium, plutonium and thorium oxides in the liquid bismuth. The finely divided oxide of uranium, plutonium. or thorium is mixed with the liquid bismuth and uranium hydride, the hydride being present in an amount equal to about 3 at. %, heated to about 5OO deg C, agitated and thereafter cooled and excess resultant hydrogen removed therefrom.

Orbital-selective pairing and superconductivity in iron selenides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nica, Emilian M.; Yu, Rong; Si, Qimiao

2017-12-01

An important challenge in condensed matter physics is understanding iron-based superconductors. Among these systems, the iron selenides hold the record for highest superconducting transition temperature and pose especially striking puzzles regarding the nature of superconductivity. The pairing state of the alkaline iron selenides appears to be of d-wave type based on the observation of a resonance mode in neutron scattering, while it seems to be of s-wave type from the nodeless gaps observed everywhere on the Fermi surface. Here we propose an orbital-selective pairing state, dubbed sτ3, as a natural explanation of these disparate properties. The pairing function, containing a matrix τ3 in the basis of 3d-electron orbitals, does not commute with the kinetic part of the Hamiltonian. This dictates the existence of both intraband and interband pairing terms in the band basis. A spin resonance arises from a d-wave-type sign change in the intraband pairing component, whereas the quasiparticle excitation is fully gapped on the FS due to an s-wave-like form factor associated with the addition in quadrature of the intraband and interband pairing terms. We demonstrate that this pairing state is energetically favored when the electron correlation effects are orbitally selective. More generally, our results illustrate how the multiband nature of correlated electrons affords unusual types of superconducting states, thereby shedding new light not only on the iron-based materials but also on a broad range of other unconventional superconductors such as heavy fermion and organic systems.

Group III-nitride thin films grown using MBE and bismuth

DOEpatents

Kisielowski, Christian K.; Rubin, Michael

2002-01-01

The present invention comprises growing gallium nitride films in the presence of bismuth using MBE at temperatures of about 1000 K or less. The present invention further comprises the gallium nitride films fabricated using the inventive fabrication method. The inventive films may be doped with magnesium or other dopants. The gallium nitride films were grown on sapphire substrates using a hollow anode Constricted Glow Discharge nitrogen plasma source. When bismuth was used as a surfactant, two-dimensional gallium nitride crystal sizes ranging between 10 .mu.m and 20 .mu.m were observed. This is 20 to 40 times larger than crystal sizes observed when GaN films were grown under similar circumstances but without bismuth. It is thought that the observed increase in crystal size is due bismuth inducing an increased surface diffusion coefficient for gallium. The calculated value of 4.7.times.10.sup.-7 cm.sup.2 /sec. reveals a virtual substrate temperature of 1258 K which is 260 degrees higher than the actual one.

Group III-nitride thin films grown using MBE and bismuth

DOEpatents

Kisielowski, Christian K.; Rubin, Michael

2000-01-01

The present invention comprises growing gallium nitride films in the presence of bismuth using MBE at temperatures of about 1000 K or less. The present invention further comprises the gallium nitride films fabricated using the inventive fabrication method. The inventive films may be doped with magnesium or other dopants. The gallium nitride films were grown on sapphire substrates using a hollow anode Constricted Glow Discharge nitrogen plasma source. When bismuth was used as a surfactant, two-dimensional gallium nitride crystal sizes ranging between 10 .mu.m and 20 .mu.m were observed. This is 20 to 40 times larger than crystal sizes observed when GaN films were grown under similar circumstances but without bismuth. It is thought that the observed increase in crystal size is due bismuth inducing an increased surface diffusion coefficient for gallium. The calculated value of 4.7.times.10.sup.-7 cm.sup.2 /sec. reveals a virtual substrate temperature of 1258 K which is 260 degrees higher than the actual one.

Evidence of β-antimonene at the Sb/Bi2Se3 interface.

PubMed

Flammini, R; Colonna, S; Hogan, C; Mahatha, S K; Papagno, M; Barla, A; Sheverdyaeva, P M; Moras, P; Aliev, Z S; Babanly, M B; Chulkov, E V; Carbone, C; Ronci, F

2018-01-10

We report a study of the interface between antimony and the prototypical topological insulator Bi 2 Se 3 . Scanning tunnelling microscopy measurements show the presence of ordered domains displaying a perfect lattice match with bismuth selenide. Density functional theory calculations of the most stable atomic configurations demonstrate that the ordered domains can be attributed to stacks of β-antimonene.

Evidence of β-antimonene at the Sb/Bi2Se3 interface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Flammini, R.; Colonna, S.; Hogan, C.; Mahatha, S. K.; Papagno, M.; Barla, A.; Sheverdyaeva, P. M.; Moras, P.; Aliev, Z. S.; Babanly, M. B.; Chulkov, E. V.; Carbone, C.; Ronci, F.

2018-02-01

We report a study of the interface between antimony and the prototypical topological insulator Bi2Se3. Scanning tunnelling microscopy measurements show the presence of ordered domains displaying a perfect lattice match with bismuth selenide. Density functional theory calculations of the most stable atomic configurations demonstrate that the ordered domains can be attributed to stacks of β-antimonene.

PRODUCTION OF PLUTONIUM FLUORIDE FROM BISMUTH PHOSPHATE PRECIPITATE CONTAINING PLUTONIUM VALUES

DOEpatents

Brown, H.S.; Bohlmann, E.G.

1961-05-01

A process is given for separating plutonium from fission products present on a bismuth phosphate carrier. The dried carrier is first treated with hydrogen fluoride at between 500 and 600 deg C whereby some fission product fluorides volatilize away from plutonium tetrafluoride, and nonvolatile fission product fluorides are formed then with anhydrous fluorine at between 400 and 500 deg C. Bismuth and plutonium distill in the form of volatile fluorides away from the nonvolatile fission product fluorides. The bismuth and plutonium fluorides are condensed at below 290 deg C.

Using quality control to limit bismuth in copper cathodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Serrano, John R.; Berger, Dennis; Bridges, Bill

1994-10-01

This article describes quality-control work at Phelps Dodge, undertaken as part of ISO 9003 certification, to better identify and prevent the contamination of copper cathodes by bismuth. It also overviews the implementation of a production control system as well as associated training designed to minimize the possibility of bismuth-contaminated copper progressing beyond the cathode stage to other areas of manufacturing or distribution.

TOPO-capped silver selenide nanoparticles and their incorporation into polymer nanofibers using electrospinning technique

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

More, D.S.; Moloto, M.J., E-mail: makwenam@vut.ac.za; Moloto, N.

Highlights: • Ag{sub 2}Se nanoparticles produced spherical particles with sizes 12 nm (180 °C) and 27 nm (200 °C). • Higher temperature produced increased particle size (∼75 nm) and changed in shape. • Ag{sub 2}Se nanoparticles (0.2–0.6%) added into PVP (35–45%) to yield reduced fiber beading. • Polymer nanofibers electrospun at 11–20 kV produced fiber diameters of 425–461 nm. • Optical properties in the fibers were observed due to the Ag{sub 2}Se nanoparticles loaded. - Abstract: Electrospinning is the most common technique for fabricating polymer fibers as well as nanoparticles embedded polymer fibers. Silver selenide nanoparticles were synthesized using tri-n-octylphosphinemore » (TOP) as solvent and tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) as capping environment. Silver selenide was prepared by reacting silver nitrate and selenium with tri-n-octylphosphine (TOP) to form TOP–Ag and TOP–Se solutions. Both absorption and emission spectra signify the formation of nanoparticles as well as the TEM which revealed spherical particles with an average particle size of 22 nm. The polymer, PVP used was prepared at concentrations ranging from (35 to 45 wt%) and the TOPO-capped silver selenide nanoparticles (0.2 and 0.6 wt%) were incorporated into them and electrospun by varying the voltage from 11 to 20 kV. The SEM images of the Ag{sub 2}Se/PVP composite fibers revealed the fibers of diameters with average values of 425 and 461 nm. The X-ray diffraction results show peaks which were identified due to α-Ag{sub 2}Se body centered cubic compound. The sharp peak observed for all the samples at 2θ = 44.5 suggest the presence of Ag in the face centered cubic which can be attributed to higher concentration of silver nitrate used with molar ratio of selenium to silver and the abundance of silver in the silver selenide crystal. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy were used to

Bismuth-based oxide semiconductors: Mild synthesis and practical applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Timmaji, Hari Krishna

In this dissertation study, bismuth based oxide semiconductors were prepared using 'mild' synthesis techniques---electrodeposition and solution combustion synthesis. Potential environmental remediation and solar energy applications of the prepared oxides were evaluated. Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) was prepared by electrodeposition and solution combustion synthesis. A two step electrosynthesis strategy was developed and demonstrated for the first time. In the first step, a Bi film was first electrodeposited on a Pt substrate from an acidic BiCl3 medium. Then, this film was anodically stripped in a medium containing hydrolyzed vanadium precursor, to generate Bi3+, and subsequent BiVO4 formation by in situ precipitation. The photoelectrochemical data were consistent with the in situ formation of n-type semiconductor films. In the solution combustion synthesis procedure, BiVO4 powders were prepared using bismuth nitrate pentahydrate as the bismuth precursor and either vanadium chloride or vanadium oxysulfate as the vanadium precursor. Urea, glycine, or citric acid was used as the fuel. The effect of the vanadium precursor on the photocatalytic activity of combustion synthesized BiVO 4 was evaluated in this study. Methyl orange was used as a probe to test the photocatalytic attributes of the combustion synthesized (CS) samples, and benchmarked against a commercial bismuth vanadate sample. The CS samples showed superior activity to the commercial benchmark sample, and samples derived from vanadium chloride were superior to vanadium oxysulfate counterparts. The photoelectrochemical properties of the various CS samples were also studied and these samples were shown to be useful both for environmental photocatalytic remediation and water photooxidation applications. Silver bismuth tungstate (AgBiW2O8) nanoparticles were prepared for the first time by solution combustion synthesis by using silver nitrate, bismuth nitrate, sodium tungstate as precursors for Ag, Bi, and W

Ba2F2Fe(1.5)Se3: An Intergrowth Compound Containing Iron Selenide Layers.

PubMed

Driss, Dalel; Janod, Etienne; Corraze, Benoit; Guillot-Deudon, Catherine; Cario, Laurent

2016-03-21

The iron selenide compound Ba2F2Fe(1.5)Se3 was synthesized by a high-temperature ceramic method. The single-crystal X-ray structure determination revealed a layered-like structure built on [Ba2F2](2+) layers of the fluorite type and iron selenide layers [Fe(1.5)Se3](2-). These [Fe1.5Se3](2-) layers contain iron in two valence states, namely, Fe(II+) and Fe(III+) located in octahedral and tetrahedral sites, respectively. Magnetic measurements are consistent with a high-spin state for Fe(II+) and an intermediate-spin state for Fe(III+). Moreover, susceptibility and resistivity measurements demonstrate that Ba2F2Fe(1.5)Se3 is an antiferromagnetic insulator.

Stopping cross sections of He + ions in bismuth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuldeep; Jain, Animesh K.

1985-06-01

The stopping cross sections, ɛ( E), of He + ions in bismuth have been measured by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) at incident energies ranging from E = 1.6-3.4 MeV. The energy loss of He + ions and thicknesses of the bismuth films deposited on aluminium substrates were determined from the RBS spectra at each energy for scattering angles of 130° and 165°. The film thicknesses of some of the samples were also measured by weighing and the results compared with those from RBS. Parameters for energy dependence of stopping cross section in the Varelas-Biersack interpolation formula have been obtained for bismuth from a fit to all the available experimental data. Accuracy of our method based on RBS is demonstrated by measurements on copper, for which ɛ( E) is already well studied. It is also shown that reliable ɛ( E) values may be obtained even on samples with non-uniform film thickness.

Chemical structure of bismuth compounds determines their gastric ulcer healing efficacy and anti-Helicobacter pylori activity.

PubMed

Sandha, G S; LeBlanc, R; Van Zanten, S J; Sitland, T D; Agocs, L; Burford, N; Best, L; Mahoney, D; Hoffman, P; Leddin, D J

1998-12-01

The recognition of the role of Helicobacter pylori in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease has led to renewed interest in bismuth pharmacology since bismuth compounds have both anti-Helicobacter pylori and ulcer healing properties. The precise chemical structure of current bismuth compounds is not known. This has hindered the development of new and potentially more efficacious formulations. We have created two new compounds, 2-chloro-1,3-dithia-2-bismolane (CDTB) and 1,2-[bis(1,3-dithia-2-bismolane)thio]ethane (BTBT), with known structure. In a rat model of gastric ulceration, BTBT was comparable to, and CDTB was significantly less effective than colloidal bismuth subcitrate in healing cryoprobe-induced ulcers. However, both BTBT and CDTB inhibited H. pylori growth in vitro at concentrations <1/10 that of colloidal bismuth subcitrate. The effects on ulcer healing are not mediated by suppression of acid secretion, pepsin inhibition, or prostaglandin production. Since all treated animals received the same amount of elemental bismuth, it appears that the efficacy of bismuth compounds varies with compound structure and is not simply dependent on the delivery of bismuth ion. Because the structure of the novel compounds is known, our understanding of the relationship of bismuth compound structure and to biologic activity will increase. In the future it may be possible to design other novel bismuth compounds with more potent anti-H. pylori and ulcer healing effects.

Boron selenide semiconductor detectors for thermal neutron counting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kargar, Alireza; Tower, Joshua; Cirignano, Leonard; Shah, Kanai

2013-09-01

Thermal neutron detectors in planar configuration were fabricated from B2Se3 (Boron Selenide) crystals grown at RMD Inc. All fabricated semiconductor devices were characterized for the current-voltage (I-V) characteristic and neutron counting measurement. In this study, the resistivity of crystals is reported and the collected pulse height spectra are presented for devices irradiated with the 241AmBe neutron source. Long-term stability of the B2Se3 devices for neutron detection under continuous bias and without being under continuous bias was investigated and the results are reported. The B2Se3 devices showed response to thermal neutrons of the 241AmBe source.

Theoretical study of bismuth-doped cadmium telluride

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Menendez-Proupin, E.; Rios-Gonzalez, J. A.; Pena, J. L.

Cadmium telluride heavily doped with bismuth has been proposed as an absorber with an intermediate band for solar cells. Increase in the photocurrent has been shown recently, although the overall cell efficiency has not improved. In this work, we study the electronic structure and the formation energies of the defects associated to bismuth impurities. We have performed electronic structure calculations within generalized density functional theory, using the exchange-correlation functional HSE(w) , where the range-separation parameter w has been tuned to reproduce the CdTe bandgap. Improving upon previous reports, we have included the spin-orbit interaction, which modifies the structure of the valence band and the energy levels of bismuth. We have found that interstitial Bi (Bii) tends to occupy Cd vacancies, cadmium substitution (BiCd) creates single donor level, while tellurium substitution (BiTe) is a shallow single acceptor. We investigate the interaction between these point defects and how can they be combined to create a partially filled intermediate band. Supported by FONDECYT Grant 1130437, CONACYT-SENER SUSTENTABILIDAD ENERGETICA/project CeMIE-Sol PY-207450/25 and PY-207450/26. JARG acknowledges CONACYT fellowship for research visit. Powered@NLHPC (ECM-02).

Tin-silver-bismuth solders for electronics assembly

DOEpatents

Vianco, Paul T.; Rejent, Jerome A.

1995-01-01

A lead-free solder alloy for electronic assemblies composed of a eutectic alloy of tin and silver with a bismuth addition, x, of 0bismuth added to the eutectic tin-silver alloy as determined by DSC analysis, 10.degree. C./min. A preferred alloy composition is 91.84Sn-3.33Ag-4.83Bi (weight percent based on total alloy weight).

Tin-silver-bismuth solders for electronics assembly

DOEpatents

Vianco, P.T.; Rejent, J.A.

1995-08-08

A lead-free solder alloy is disclosed for electronic assemblies composed of a eutectic alloy of tin and silver with a bismuth addition, x, of 0bismuth added to the eutectic tin-silver alloy as determined by DSC analysis, 10 C/min. A preferred alloy composition is 91.84Sn-3.33Ag-4.83Bi (weight percent based on total alloy weight). 4 figs.

Bismuth pyrochlore-based thin films for dielectric energy storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Michael, Elizabeth K.

The drive towards the miniaturization of electronic devices has created a need for dielectric materials with large energy storage densities. These materials, which are used in capacitors, are a critical component in many electrical systems. Here, the development of dielectric energy storage materials for pulsed power applications, which require materials with the ability to accumulate a large amount of energy and then deliver it to the system rapidly, is explored. The amount of electrostatic energy that can be stored by a material is a function of the induced polarization and the dielectric breakdown strength of the material. An ideal energy storage dielectric would possess a high relative permittivity, high dielectric breakdown strength, and low loss tangent under high applied electric fields. The bismuth pyrochlores are a compositionally tunable family of materials that meet these requirements. Thin films of cubic pyrochlore bismuth zinc niobate, bismuth zinc tantalate, and bismuth zinc niobate tantalate, were fabricated using a novel solution chemistry based upon the Pechini method. This solution preparation is advantageous because it avoids the use of teratogenic solvents, such as 2-methoxyethanol. Crystalline films fabricated using this solution chemistry had very small grains that were approximately 27 nm in lateral size and 35 nm through the film thickness. Impedance measurements found that the resistivity of the grain boundaries was two orders of magnitude higher than the resistivity of the grain interior. The presence of many resistive grain boundaries impeded conduction through the films, resulting in high breakdown strengths for these materials. In addition to high breakdown strengths, this family of materials exhibited moderate relative permittivities of between 55 +/- 2 and 145 +/- 5, for bismuth zinc tantalate and bismuth zinc niobate, respectively, and low loss tangents on the order of 0.0008 +/- 0.0001. Increases in the concentration of the tantalum

OPTICAL FIBRES AND FIBREOPTIC SENSORS: Bismuth-ring-doped fibres

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zlenko, Aleksandr S.; Akhmetshin, Ural G.; Dvoirin, Vladislav V.; Bogatyrev, Vladimir A.; Firstov, Sergei V.

2009-11-01

A new process for bismuth doping of optical fibres is proposed in which the dopant is introduced into a thin layer surrounding the fibre core. This enables bismuth stabilisation in the silica glass, with no limitations on the core composition. In particular, the GeO2 content of the fibre core in this study is 16 mol %. Spectroscopic characterisation of such fibres and optical gain measurements suggest that the proposed approach has considerable potential for laser applications.

Bioavailability and chronic toxicity of bismuth citrate to earthworm Eisenia andrei exposed to natural sandy soil.

PubMed

Omouri, Zohra; Hawari, Jalal; Fournier, Michel; Robidoux, Pierre Yves

2018-01-01

The present study describes bioavailability and chronic effects of bismuth to earthworms Eisenia andrei using OECD reproduction test. Adult earthworms were exposed to natural sandy soil contaminated artificially by bismuth citrate. Average total concentrations of bismuth in soil recovered by HNO 3 digestion ranged from 75 to 289mg/kg. Results indicate that bismuth decreased significantly all reproduction parameters of Eisenia andrei at concentrations ≥ 116mg/kg. However, number of hatched cocoons and number of juveniles seem to be more sensitive than total number of cocoons, as determined by IC 50 ; i.e., 182, 123 and > 289mg/kg, respectively. Bismuth did not affect Eisenia andrei growth and survival, and had little effect on phagocytic efficiency of coelomocytes. The low immunotoxicity effect might be explained by the involvement of other mechanisms i.e. bismuth sequestered by metal-binding compounds. After 28 days of exposure bismuth concentrations in earthworms tissue increased with increasing bismuth concentrations in soil reaching a stationary state of 21.37mg/kg dry tissue for 243mg Bi/kg dry soil total content. Data indicate also that after 56 days of incubation the average fractions of bismuth available extracted by KNO 3 aqueous solution in soil without earthworms varied from 0.0051 to 0.0229mg/kg, while in soil with earthworms bismuth concentration ranged between 0.310-1.347mg/kg dry soil. We presume that mucus and chelating agents produced by earthworms and by soil or/and earthworm gut microorganisms could explain this enhancement, as well as the role of dermal and ingestion routes of earthworms uptake to soil contaminant. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copper Selenide Nanocrystals for Photothermal Therapy

PubMed Central

Hessel, Colin M.; Pattani, Varun; Rasch, Michael; Panthani, Matthew G.; Koo, Bonil; Tunnell, James W.; Korgel, Brian A.

2011-01-01

Ligand-stabilized copper selenide (Cu2−xSe) nanocrystals, approximately 16 nm in diameter, were synthesized by a colloidal hot injection method and coated with amphiphilic polymer. The nanocrystals readily disperse in water and exhibit strong near infrared (NIR) optical absorption with a high molar extinction coefficient of 7.7 × 107 cm−1 M−1 at 980 nm. When excited with 800 nm light, the Cu2−xSe nanocrystals produce significant photothermal heating with a photothermal transduction efficiency of 22%, comparable to nanorods and nanoshells of gold (Au). In vitro photothermal heating of Cu2−xSe nanocrystals in the presence of human colorectal cancer cell (HCT-116) led to cell destruction after 5 minutes of laser irradiation at 33 W/cm2, demonstrating the viabilitiy of Cu2−xSe nanocrystals for photothermal therapy applications. PMID:21553924

The Effects of Bismuth Oxide on Microstructures and Magnetic Properties of Mn-Mg-Al Ferrites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nekouee, Kh. A.; Rahimi, A. H.; Haghighi, M. Alineghad; Ehsani, N.

2018-04-01

In the present paper, the effects of bismuth oxide as an additive on microstructure and magnetic properties of Mg0.9Mn0.1Al0.4Fe1.6O4 were investigated. Mg-Mn-Al ferrite powders were prepared by the conventional solid state synthesis method. Two different amounts of bismuth oxide (2.5 wt.% and 5 wt.%) were utilized as the sintering aid and their microstructure and physical properties were compared to those of the sample without additives. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that crystal lattice distortion due to the microstructural constraints as the result from incorporation of bismuth oxide into the microstructure was developed by adding bismuth oxide. XRD Rietveld refinement was used to define the cation distribution and to refine the lattice parameter and oxygen parameter for the sample without bismuth oxide as (Mg0.16Mn0.02Al0.15Fe0.77)A(Mg0.74Mn0.08Al0.25Fe0.83)BO4 and 8.3308 Å and 0.2542, respectively. Microstructure studies show that a bismuth rich liquid phase forms during the sintering at 1250°C, which enhances the densification of sintered bodies up to 13% (a relative density of 93%). Magnetization of sintered samples were increased from 21.1 emu/g to 26.2 emu/g upon addition of 2.5 wt.% bismuth oxide and then decreased to 24.9 emu/g when 5 wt.% bismuth oxide was added.

Adverse events with bismuth salts for Helicobacter pylori eradication: Systematic review and meta-analysis

PubMed Central

Ford, Alexander C; Malfertheiner, Peter; Giguère, Monique; Santana, José; Khan, Mostafizur; Moayyedi, Paul

2008-01-01

AIM: To assess the safety of bismuth used in Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) eradication therapy regimens. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched (up to October 2007) to identify randomised controlled trials comparing bismuth with placebo or no treatment, or bismuth salts in combination with antibiotics as part of eradication therapy with the same dose and duration of antibiotics alone or, in combination, with acid suppression. Total numbers of adverse events were recorded. Data were pooled and expressed as relative risks with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: We identified 35 randomised controlled trials containing 4763 patients. There were no serious adverse events occurring with bismuth therapy. There was no statistically significant difference detected in total adverse events with bismuth [relative risk (RR) = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.87-1.16], specific individual adverse events, with the exception of dark stools (RR = 5.06; 95% CI: 1.59-16.12), or adverse events leading to withdrawal of therapy (RR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.54-1.37). CONCLUSION: Bismuth for the treatment of H pylori is safe and well-tolerated. The only adverse event occurring significantly more commonly was dark stools. PMID:19109870

A novel structure photonic crystal fiber based on bismuth-oxide for optical parametric amplification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jin, Cang; Yuan, Jinhui; Yu, Chongxiu

2010-11-01

The heavy metal oxide glasses containing bismuth such as bismuth sesquioxide show unique high refractive index. In addition, the bismuth-oxide based glass does not include toxic elements such as Pb, As, Se, Te, and exhibits well chemical, mechanical and thermal stability. Hence, it is used to fabricate high nonlinear fiber for nonlinear optical application. Although the bismuth-oxide based high nonlinear fiber can be fusion-spliced to conventional silica fibers and have above advantages, yet it suffers from large group velocity dispersion because of material chromatic dispersion which restricts its utility. In regard to this, the micro-structure was introduced to adjust the dispersion of bismuth-oxide high nonlinear fiber in the 1550nm wave-band. In this paper, a hexagonal solid-core micro-structure is developed to balance its dispersion and nonlinearity. Our simulation and calculation results show that the bismuth-oxide based photonic crystal fiber has near zero dispersion around 1550nm where the optical parametric amplification suitable wavelength is. Its dispersion slop in the communication wavelength range is also relatively flat. Moreover, both nonlinear coefficient and model filed distribution were simulated, respectively.

[Geochemical distribution of dissolved bismuth in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea].

PubMed

Wu, Xiao-Dan; Song, Jin-Ming; Wu, Bin; Li, Xue-Gang

2014-01-01

Occurrence level, geochemical distribution of dissolved bismuth and its coupling relationship to eco-environment were investigated in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea to explore the source and influencing factors. The results showed that the concentration of dissolved bismuth was within the range of 0-0. 029 microg x L(-1) at the surface and 0.001-0.189 microg x L(-1) at the bottom, with the averages of 0.008 and 0.016 microg x L(-1), respectively. Horizontally, low value of dissolved bismuth exhibited the bidirectional extension feature, indicating that it could trace the path of Changjiang Diluted Water. High value of dissolved bismuth was observed where the Subei Costal Current and Yellow Sea Warm Current flowed and the Changjiang Diluted Water and Zhejiang-Fujian Coastal Current met, suggesting that it was controlled by the cycle of current system. Vertically, the coastal water was fully mixed by water convection and eddy mixing, and was divided from the stratified water by strong tidal front, which blocked the transport of dissolved bismuth to the open sea. Thus, the concentration in front area was significantly higher than that in the open sea. Diurnal variation of dissolved bismuth was related to the hydrodynamic conditions (tide, suspension and thermocline) instead of the environmental factors (temperature and salinity). Positive relationship to SPM (suspended particulate matter) clarified that bismuth was prone to release from solid phase to liquid phase. Furthermore, conditions with temperature ranging 22-27 degrees C, salinity ranging 28-31 and pH ranging 7.9-8.1 were shown to be optimal for the release process.

Ultrafast electronic relaxation in superheated bismuth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gamaly, E. G.; Rode, A. V.

2013-01-01

Interaction of moving electrons with vibrating ions in the lattice forms the basis for many physical properties from electrical resistivity and electronic heat capacity to superconductivity. In ultrafast laser interaction with matter the electrons are heated much faster than the electron-ion energy equilibration, leading to a two-temperature state with electron temperature far above that of the lattice. The rate of temperature equilibration is governed by the strength of electron-phonon energy coupling, which is conventionally described by a coupling constant, neglecting the dependence on the electron and lattice temperature. The application of this constant to the observations of fast relaxation rate led to a controversial notion of ‘ultra-fast non-thermal melting’ under extreme electronic excitation. Here we provide theoretical grounds for a strong dependence of the electron-phonon relaxation time on the lattice temperature. We show, by taking proper account of temperature dependence, that the heating and restructuring of the lattice occurs much faster than were predicted on the assumption of a constant, temperature independent energy coupling. We applied the temperature-dependent momentum and energy transfer time to experiments on fs-laser excited bismuth to demonstrate that all the observed ultra-fast transformations of the transient state of bismuth are purely thermal in nature. The developed theory, when applied to ultrafast experiments on bismuth, provides interpretation of the whole variety of transient phase relaxation without the non-thermal melting conjecture.

THORIUM DISPERSION IN BISMUTH

DOEpatents

Bryner, J.S.

1961-07-01

The growth of thorium bismutaide particles, which are formed when thorium is suspended in liquid bismuth, is inhibited when the liquid metal suspension is being flowed through a reactor and through a heat exchanger in sequence. It involves the addition of as little as 1 part by weight of tellurium to 100 parts of thorium. This addition is sufficient to inhibit particle growth and agglomeration.

Ion beam modification of topological insulator bismuth selenide

DOE PAGES

Sharma, Peter Anand; Sharma, A. L. Lima; Hekmaty, Michelle A.; ...

2014-12-17

In this study, we demonstrate chemical doping of a topological insulator Bi 2Se 3 using ion implantation. Ion beam-induced structural damage was characterized using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Ion damage was reversed using a simple thermal annealing step. Carrier-type conversion was achieved using ion implantation followed by an activation anneal in Bi 2Se 3 thin films. These two sets of experiments establish the feasibility of ion implantation for chemical modification of Bi 2Se 3, a prototypical topological insulator. Ion implantation can, in principle, be used for any topological insulator. The direct implantation of dopants should allowmore » better control over carrier concentrations for the purposes of achieving low bulk conductivity. Ion implantation also enables the fabrication of inhomogeneously doped structures, which in turn should make possible new types of device designs.« less

Depression-like behavior and mechanical allodynia are reduced by bis selenide treatment in mice with chronic constriction injury: a comparison with fluoxetine, amitriptyline, and bupropion.

PubMed

Jesse, Cristiano R; Wilhelm, Ethel A; Nogueira, Cristina W

2010-12-01

Neuropathic pain is associated with significant co-morbidities, including depression, which impact considerably on the overall patient experience. Pain co-morbidity symptoms are rarely assessed in animal models of neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain is characterized by hyperexcitability within nociceptive pathways and remains difficult to treat with standard analgesics. The present study determined the effect of bis selenide and conventional antidepressants (fluoxetine, amitriptyline, and bupropion) on neuropathic pain using mechanical allodynic and on depressive-like behavior. Male mice were subjected to chronic constriction injury (CCI) or sham surgery and were assessed on day 14 after operation. Mice received oral treatment with bis selenide (1-5 mg/kg), fluoxetine, amitriptyline, or bupropion (10-30 mg/kg). The response frequency to mechanical allodynia in mice was measured with von Frey hairs. Mice were evaluated in the forced swimming test (FST) test for depression-like behavior. The CCI procedure produced mechanical allodynia and increased depressive-like behavior in the FST. All of the drugs produced antiallodynic effects in CCI mice and produced antidepressant effects in control mice without altering locomotor activity. In CCI animals, however, only the amitriptyline and bis selenide treatments significantly reduced immobility in the FST. These data demonstrate an important dissociation between the antiallodynic and antidepressant effects in mice when tested in a model of neuropathic pain. Depressive behavior in CCI mice was reversed by bis selenide and amitriptyline but not by the conventional antidepressants fluoxetine and buproprion. Bis selenide was more potent than the other drugs tested for antidepressant-like and antiallodynic effects in mice.

Heat-Pipe Bismuth Laser; Examination of Laser Action at 4722A in Bismuth Vapor

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-11-01

11, 15(1975). of Type 6p 3 -6p 2 7s in the Bismuth Atomic Spectrum in Intermediate Coupling," Acta Physica Polonica A47, 231(1975). 19. A.N. Nesmeyanov...Calculated Transit n Probabilities and Lifetimes for the First Excited Configuration np (n+l)s in the Neutral As, Sb and Bi Atoms, " Physica Scripta

Glutathione and multidrug resistance protein transporter mediate a self-propelled disposal of bismuth in human cells

PubMed Central

Hong, Yifan; Lai, Yau-Tsz; Chan, Godfrey Chi-Fung; Sun, Hongzhe

2015-01-01

Glutathione and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) play an important role on the metabolism of a variety of drugs. Bismuth drugs have been used to treat gastrointestinal disorder and Helicobacter pylori infection for decades without exerting acute toxicity. They were found to interact with a wide variety of biomolecules, but the major metabolic pathway remains unknown. For the first time (to our knowledge), we systematically and quantitatively studied the metabolism of bismuth in human cells. Our data demonstrated that over 90% of bismuth was passively absorbed, conjugated to glutathione, and transported into vesicles by MRP transporter. Mathematical modeling of the system reveals an interesting phenomenon. Passively absorbed bismuth consumes intracellular glutathione, which therefore activates de novo biosynthesis of glutathione. Reciprocally, sequestration by glutathione facilitates the passive uptake of bismuth and thus completes a self-sustaining positive feedback circle. This mechanism robustly removes bismuth from both intra- and extracellular space, protecting critical systems of human body from acute toxicity. It elucidates the selectivity of bismuth drugs between human and pathogens that lack of glutathione, such as Helicobacter pylori, opening new horizons for further drug development. PMID:25737551

Hydrothermal synthesis of barium strontium titanate and bismuth titanate materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Huiwen

Hydrothermal processing facilitates the synthesis of crystalline ceramic materials of varying composition or complex crystal structure. The present work can be divided into two parts. First is to study the low temperature hydrothermal synthesis of bismuth titanate. Second is to study both thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the hydrothermally synthesized barium strontium titanate. A chelating agent was used to form a Bi-Ti gel precursor. By hydrothermally treating the Bi-Ti gel, crystalline bismuth titanate has been synthesized at 160°C for the first time. Microstructural evolution during the low temperature synthesis of bismuth titanate can be divided into two stages, including condensation of Bi-Ti gel particles and crystallization of bismuth titanate. Crystallization of bismuth titanate occurred by an in situ transformation mechanism at an early stage followed by a dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism. Phase separation was observed in hydrothermally synthesized barium strontium titanate (BST). By hydrothermally treating BST powders between 250°C--300°C, an asymmetrical miscibility gap was found in the BaTiO3-SrTiO 3 system at low temperatures (T ≤ 320°C). A subregular solid solution model was applied to calculate the equilibrium compositions and the Gibbs free energy of formation of BST solid solution at low temperatures (T ≤ 320°C). The Gibbs free energy of formation of Sr-rich BST phase is larger than that of Ba-rich BST phase. Kinetic studies of single phase BST solid solution at 80°C show that, compared to the BaTiO3 or Ba-rich BST, SrTiO3 and Sr-rich BST powders form at lower reaction rates.

Chemical Potential Tuning and Enhancement of Thermoelectric Properties in Indium Selenides.

PubMed

Rhyee, Jong-Soo; Kim, Jin Hee

2015-03-20

Researchers have long been searching for the materials to enhance thermoelectric performance in terms of nano scale approach in order to realize phonon-glass-electron-crystal and quantum confinement effects. Peierls distortion can be a pathway to enhance thermoelectric figure-of-merit ZT by employing natural nano-wire-like electronic and thermal transport. The phonon-softening known as Kohn anomaly, and Peierls lattice distortion decrease phonon energy and increase phonon scattering, respectively, and, as a result, they lower thermal conductivity. The quasi-one-dimensional electrical transport from anisotropic band structure ensures high Seebeck coefficient in Indium Selenide. The routes for high ZT materials development of In₄Se₃ - δ are discussed from quasi-one-dimensional property and electronic band structure calculation to materials synthesis, crystal growth, and their thermoelectric properties investigations. The thermoelectric properties of In₄Se₃ - δ can be enhanced by electron doping, as suggested from the Boltzmann transport calculation. Regarding the enhancement of chemical potential, the chlorine doped In₄Se₃ - δ Cl 0.03 compound exhibits high ZT over a wide temperature range and shows state-of-the-art thermoelectric performance of ZT = 1.53 at 450 °C as an n -type material. It was proven that multiple elements doping can enhance chemical potential further. Here, we discuss the recent progress on the enhancement of thermoelectric properties in Indium Selenides by increasing chemical potential.

Enhanced detection of quantum dots labeled protein by simultaneous bismuth electrodeposition into microfluidic channel.

PubMed

Medina-Sánchez, Mariana; Miserere, Sandrine; Cadevall, Miquell; Merkoçi, Arben

2016-02-01

In this study, we propose an electrochemical immunoassay into a disposable microfluidic platform, using quantum dots (QDs) as labels and their enhanced detection using bismuth as an alternative to mercury electrodes. CdSe@ZnS QDs were used to tag human IgG as a model protein and detected through highly sensitive stripping voltammetry of the dissolved metallic component (cadmium in our case). The modification of the screen printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) was done by a simple electrodeposition of bismuth that was previously mixed with the sample containing QDs. A magneto-immunosandwich assay was performed using a micromixer. A magnet placed at its outlet in order to capture the magnetic beads used as solid support for the immunoassay. SPCEs were integrated at the end of the channel as detector. Different parameters such as bismuth concentration, flow rate, and incubation times, were optimized. The LOD for HIgG in presence of bismuth was 3.5 ng/mL with a RSD of 13.2%. This LOD was about 3.3-fold lower than the one obtained without bismuth. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the system was increased 100-fold respect to experiments carried out with classical screen-printed electrodes, both in presence of bismuth. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Preparation of Ferroelectric Thin Films of Bismuth Layer Structured Compounds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Watanabe, Hitoshi; Mihara, Takashi; Yoshimori, Hiroyuki; Araujo, Carlos

1995-09-01

Ferroelectric thin films of bismuth layer structured compounds, SrBi2Ta2O9, SrBi2Nb2O9, SrBi4Ti4O15 and their solid solutions, were formed onto a sputtered platinum layer on a silicon substrate using spin-on technique and metal-organic decomposition (MOD) method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and some electrical measurements were performed on the prepared thin films. XRD results of SrBi2(Ta1- x, Nb x)2O9 films (0≤x≤1) showed that niobium ions substitute for tantalum ions in an arbitrary ratio without any change of the layer structure and lattice constants. Furthermore, XRD results of SrBi2 xTa2O9 films (0≤x≤1.5) indicated that the formation of the bismuth layer structure does not always require an accurate bismuth content. The layer structure was formed above 50% of the stoichiometric bismuth content in the general formula. SrBi2(Ta1- x, Nb x)2O9 films with various Ta/Nb ratios have large enough remanent polarization for nonvolatile memory application and have shown high fatigue resistance against 1011 cycles of full switching of the remanent polarization. Mixture films of the three compounds were also investigated.

Bis(dicyclohexylselenophosphinyl)selenide, [Cy2P(Se)]2Se: Synthesis, molecular structure and application for self-assembly of a tetrahedral Cu(I) cluster

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Artem'ev, Alexander V.; Doronina, Evgeniya P.; Bagryanskaya, Irina Yu; Klyba, Lyudmila V.

2018-05-01

The molecular structure of the selenides of [R2P(Se)]2Se type has been systematically studied on example of bis(dicyclohexylselenophosphinyl)selenide, [Cy2P(Se)]2Se. This selenide has been synthesized in 65% yield by oxidation of Cy2PH with elemental selenium in 1:2 M ratio. Its structure has been investigated by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), NMR, FT-IR and MALDI-TOF/MS techniques. In the solid, the Se1sbnd Psbnd Se2sbnd Psbnd Se3 chain of (Cy2P = Se)2Se molecule adopts a syn-anti conformation with the Se1sbnd Psbnd Se2sbnd P and Psbnd Se2sbnd Psbnd Se3 torsion angles of -179.64 (3)° and 4.69 (4)°. The vibrational band assignments, performing at B3LYP/6-311++G (d,p) theory level, are in a good agreement with the experimental FT-IR frequencies. The synthetic utility of the prepared selenide has been exemplified by its reaction with CuCl2 resulted in the formation of [Cu4(Se2PCy2)4] cluster in 53% yield. The structure of latter is formed by a Cu4 tetrahedron, wherein each triangular face is bridged by a [Se2PCy2] ligand in a trimetallic triconnective (μ2, μ1) pattern.

Isotopic generator for bismuth-212 and lead-212 from radium

DOEpatents

Atcher, Robert W.; Friedman, Arnold M.; Hines, John

1987-01-01

A method and apparatus for providing radionuclides of bismuth-212 and lead-212. Thorium-228 and carrier solution starting material is input to a radiologically contained portion of an isotopic generator system, and radium-224 is separated from thorium-228 which is retained by a strongly basic anion exchange column. The separated radium-224 is transferred to an accessible, strongly acidic cationic exchange column. The cationic column retains the radium-224, and natural radioactive decay generates bismuth-212 and lead-212. The cationic exchange column can also be separated from the contained portion of the system and utilized without the extraordinary safety measures necessary in the contained portion. Furthermore, the cationic exchange column provides over a relatively long time period the short lived lead-212 and bismuth-212 radionuclides which are useful for a variety of medical therapies.

Bismuth Propellant Feed System Development at NASA-MSFC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Polzin, Kurt A.

2007-01-01

NASA-MSFC has been developing liquid metal propellant feed systems capable of delivering molten bismuth at a prescribed mass flow rate to the vaporizer of an electric thruster. The first such system was delivered to NASA-JPL as part of the Very High Isp Thruster with Anode Layer (VHITAL) program. In this system, the components pictured were placed in a vacuum chamber and heated while the control electronics were located outside the chamber. The system was successfully operated at JPL in conjunction with a propellant vaporizer, and data was obtained demonstrating a new liquid bismuth flow sensing technique developed at MSFC. The present effort is aimed at producing a feed-system for use in conjunction with a bismuth-fed Hall thruster developed by Busek Co. Developing this system is more ambitious, however, in that it is designed to self-contain all the control electronics inside the same vacuum chamber as an operating bismuth-fed thruster. Consequently, the entire system, including an on-board computer, DC-output power supplies, and a gas-pressurization electro-pneumatic regulator, must be designed to survive a vacuum environment and shielded to keep bismuth plasma from intruding on the electronics and causing a shortcircuit. In addition, the hot portions of the feed system must be thermally isolated from the electronics to avoid failure due to high heat loads. This is accomplished using a thermal protection system (TPS) consisting of multiple layers of aluminum foil. The only penetrations into the vacuum chamber are an electrically isolated (floating) 48 VDC line and a fiberoptic line. The 48 VDC provides power for operation of the power supplies and electronics co-located with the system in the vacuum chamber. The fiberoptic Ethernet connection is used to communicate user-input control commands to the on-board computer and transmit real-time data back to the external computer. The partially assembled second-generation system is shown. Before testing at Busek, a

75 FR 14491 - Listing of Color Additives Exempt From Certification; Bismuth Citrate

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-26

... DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and Drug Administration 21 CFR Part 73 [Docket No. FDA-2008-C-0098] Listing of Color Additives Exempt From Certification; Bismuth Citrate AGENCY: Food... amending the color additive regulations to increase the permitted use level of bismuth citrate as a color...

Topological Insulator State in Thin Bismuth Films Subjected to Plane Tensile Strain

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Demidov, E. V.; Grabov, V. M.; Komarov, V. A.; Kablukova, N. S.; Krushel'nitskii, A. N.

2018-03-01

The results of experimental examination of galvanomagnetic properties of thin bismuth films subjected to plane tensile strain resulting from the difference in thermal expansion coefficients of the substrate material and bismuth are presented. The resistivity, the magnetoresistance, and the Hall coefficient were studied at temperatures ranging from 5 to 300 K in magnetic fields as strong as 0.65 T. Carrier densities were calculated. A considerable increase in carrier density in films thinner than 30 nm was observed. This suggests that surface states are more prominent in thin bismuth films on mica substrates, while the films themselves may exhibit the properties of a topological insulator.

Evaluation of the strength and radiopacity of Portland cement with varying additions of bismuth oxide.

PubMed

Saliba, E; Abbassi-Ghadi, S; Vowles, R; Camilleri, J; Hooper, S; Camilleri, J

2009-04-01

To study the effect of addition of various proportions of bismuth oxide on compressive strength and radiopacity of Portland cement. The compressive strength of white Portland cement and cement replaced with 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% bismuth oxide was evaluated by testing cylinders 6 mm in diameter and 12 mm high. Twelve cylinders were tested for each material under study. The radiopacity of the cements tested was evaluated using an aluminium step-wedge and densitometer. The optical density was compared with the relevant thickness of aluminium (Al). Statistical analysis was performed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with P = 0.05 and Tukey test to perform multiple comparison tests. Various additions of bismuth oxide had no significant effect on the strength of the material when compared with the unmodified Portland cement (P > 0.05). The radiopacity of the cements tested ranged from 2.02 mm Al for Portland cement to 9.79 mm Al for the highest bismuth replacement. Addition of bismuth oxide did not affect the compressive strength of Portland cement. All the bismuth oxide cement mixtures had radio-opacities higher than 3 mm thickness of aluminium.

Method of Creating Micro-scale Silver Telluride Grains Covered with Bismuth Nanoparticles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Park, Yeonjoon (Inventor); Lee, Kunik (Inventor); Kim, Hyun-Jung (Inventor); Choi, Sang Hyouk (Inventor); King, Glen C. (Inventor)

2014-01-01

Provided is a method of enhancing thermoelectric performance by surrounding crystalline semiconductors with nanoparticles by contacting a bismuth telluride material with a silver salt under a substantially inert atmosphere and a temperature approximately near the silver salt decomposition temperature; and recovering a metallic bismuth decorated material comprising silver telluride crystal grains.

Spin Hall effect and Landau spectrum of Dirac electrons in bismuth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fuseya, Yuki

2015-03-01

Bismuth has played an important role in solid-state physics. Many key phenomena were first discovered in bismuth, such as diamagnetism, Seebeck, Nernst, Shubnikov-de Haas, and de Haas-van Alphen effects. These phenomena result from particular electronic states of bismuth. The strong spin-orbit interaction (~ 1.5eV) causes strong spin-dependent interband couplings resulting in an anomalous spin magnetic moment. We investigate the spin Hall effect and the angular dependent Landau spectrum of bismuth paying special attention to the effect of the anomalous spin magnetic moment. It is shown that the spin Hall insulator is possible and there is a fundamental relationship between the spin Hall conductivity and orbital diamagnetism in the insulating state of the Dirac electrons. Based on this theoretical finding, the magnitude of spin Hall conductivity is estimated for bismuth by that of orbital susceptibility. The magnitude of spin Hall conductivity turns out to be as large as 104Ω-1 cm-1, which is about 100 times larger than that of Pt. It is also shown that the ratio of the Zeeman splitting to the cyclotron energy, which reflects the effect of crystalline spin-orbit interaction, for holes at the T-point can be larger than 1.0 (the maximum of previous theories) and exhibit strong angular dependence, which gives a possible solution to the long-standing mystery of holes at the T-point. In collaboration with Masao Ogata, Hidetoshi Fukuyama, Zengwei Zhu, Benoît Fauqué, Woun Kang, and Kamran Behnia. Supported by JSPS (KAKENHI 24244053, 25870231, and 13428660).

Oxide layer stability in lead-bismuth at high temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martín, F. J.; Soler, L.; Hernández, F.; Gómez-Briceño, D.

2004-11-01

Materials protection by 'in situ' oxidation has been studied in stagnant lead-bismuth, with different oxygen levels (H 2/H 2O ratios of 0.3 and 0.03), at temperatures from 535 °C to 600 °C and times from 100 to 3000 h. The materials tested were the martensitic steels F82Hmod, EM10 and T91 and the austenitic stainless steels, AISI 316L and AISI 304L. The results obtained point to the existence of an apparent threshold temperature above which corrosion occurs and the formation of a protective and stable oxide layer is not possible. This threshold temperature depends on material composition, oxygen concentration in the liquid lead-bismuth and time. The threshold temperature is higher for the austenitic steels, especially for the AISI 304L, and it increases with the oxygen concentration in the lead-bismuth. The oxide layer formed disappear with time and, after 3000 h all the materials, except AISI 304L, suffer corrosion, more severe for the martensitic steels and at the highest temperature tested.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Tin-Bismuth Solder Reinforced by Aluminum Borate Whiskers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jun; Wei, Hongmei; He, Peng; Lin, Tiesong; Lu, Fengjiao

2015-10-01

Tin-bismuth solder has emerged as a promising lead-free alternative to tin-lead solder, especially for low-temperature packaging applications. However, the intrinsic brittleness of tin-bismuth solder alloy, aggravated by the coarse bismuth-rich phase and the thick interfacial intermetallic layer, notably limits the mechanical performance of the bonded joints. In this work, the microstructure and mechanical performance of solder joints were improved by adding 3.2 vol.% aluminum borate whiskers to the tin-bismuth solder alloy. This whisker-reinforced composite solder was fabricated through a simple process. Typically, 25- μm to 75- μm tin-bismuth particles were mixed with a small amount of aluminum borate whiskers with diameter of 0.5 μm to 1.5 μm and length of 5 μm to 15 μm. The addition of whiskers restrained the formation of coarse brittle bismuth-rich phase and decreased the lamellar spacing from 0.84 μm to 7.94 μm to the range of 0.22 μm to 1.80 μm. Moreover, the growth rate of the interfacial intermetallic layer during the remelting treatment decreased as well. The joint shear strength increased from 19.4 MPa to 24.7 MPa, and only declined by 4.9% (average, -5.9% to 15.8%) after the tenth remelting, while the shear strength of the joint without whiskers declined by 31.5% (average, 10.1-44.1%). The solder alloy was reinforced because of their high strength and high modulus and also the refinement effect on the solder alloy microstructure.

Bismuth doping effect on crystal structure and photodegradation activity of Bi-TiO2 nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Ming-Chung; Chang, Yin-Hsuan; Lin, Ting-Han

2017-04-01

The bismuth precursor is adopted as dopant to synthesize bismuth doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Bi-TiO2 NPs) with sol-gel method following by the thermal annealing treatment. We systematically developed a series of Bi-TiO2 NPs at several calcination temperatures and discovered the corresponding crystal structure by varying the bismuth doping concentration. At a certain 650 °C calcination temperature, the crystal structure of bismuth titanate (Bi2Ti2O7) is formed when the bismuth doping concentration is as high as 10.0 mol %. The photocatalytic activity of Bi-TiO2 NPs is increased by varying the doping concentration at the particular calcination temperature. By the definition X-ray diffraction (XRD) structural identification, a phase diagram of Bi-TiO2 NPs in doping concentration versus calcination temperature is provided. It can be useful for further study in the crystal structure engineering and the development of photocatalyst.

Bismuth molybdate thick films as ethanol sensor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jain, Kiran; Kumar, Vipin; Gupta, H. P.; Rastogi, A. C.

2003-10-01

Ethanol sensitivity of bismuth molybdate thick films and sintered pellets were investigated. Sintered pellets were prepared by traditional ceramic processing. Thick films were prepared by metallorganic decomposition process. Ethanol gas sensitivity was measured at various temperatures and concentrations. Thick films of alpha phase bismuth molybdate prepared by spray pyrolysis showed a very fast response to ethanol detection. The response time for the bulk samples is about 40 sec which decreased to about 6 sec for thick films at an operating temperature of 300°C. An extremely low level approximately 10 ppm detection and fast response makes this technique ideal for sensor element fabrication for detection and estimation of alcohol in breath-analyzer. Unlike SnO2, the resistance of these sensors is not affected by humidity at the operating temperature.

Third order nonlinear optical properties of bismuth zinc borate glasses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shanmugavelu, B.; Ravi Kanth Kumar, V. V., E-mail: ravi.phy@pondiuni.edu.in; Kuladeep, R.

2013-12-28

Third order nonlinear optical characterization of bismuth zinc borate glasses are reported here using different laser pulse durations. Bismuth zinc borate glasses with compositions xBi{sub 2}O{sub 3}-30ZnO-(70-x) B{sub 2}O{sub 3} (where x = 30, 35, 40, and 45 mol. %) have been prepared by melt quenching method. These glasses were characterized by Raman, UV-Vis absorption, and Z scan measurements. Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopic results indicate that non-bridging oxygens increase with increase of bismuth content in the glass. Nonlinear absorption and refraction behavior in the nanosecond (ns), picosecond (ps), and femtosecond (fs) time domains were studied in detail. Strong reverse saturable absorption due tomore » dominant two-photon absorption (TPA) was observed with both ps and fs excitations. In the case of ns pulse excitations, TPA and free-carrier absorption processes contribute for the nonlinear absorption. Two-photon absorption coefficient (β) and the absorption cross section due to free carriers (σ{sub e}) are estimated by theoretical fit of the open aperture Z-scan measurements and found to be dependent on the amount of bismuth oxide in the glass composition. In both ns and fs regimes the sign and magnitude of the third order nonlinearity are evaluated, and the optical limiting characteristics are also reported.« less

Reactive magnetron sputtering deposition of bismuth tungstate onto titania nanoparticles for enhancing visible light photocatalytic activity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ratova, Marina; Kelly, Peter J.; West, Glen T.; Tosheva, Lubomira; Edge, Michele

2017-01-01

Titanium dioxide - bismuth tungstate composite materials were prepared by pulsed DC reactive magnetron sputtering of bismuth and tungsten metallic targets in argon/oxygen atmosphere onto anatase and rutile titania nanoparticles. The use of an oscillating bowl placed beneath the two magnetrons arranged in a co-planar closed field configuration enabled the deposition of bismuth tungstate onto loose powders, rather than a solid substrate. The atomic ratio of the bismuth/tungsten coatings was controlled by varying the power applied to each target. The effect of the bismuth tungstate coatings on the phase, optical and photocatalytic properties of titania was investigated by X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area measurements, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and an acetone degradation test. The latter involved measurements of the rate of CO2 evolution under visible light irradiation of the photocatalysts, which indicated that the deposition of bismuth tungstate resulted in a significant enhancement of visible light activity, for both anatase and rutile titania particles. The best results were achieved for coatings with a bismuth to tungsten atomic ratio of 2:1. In addition, the mechanism by which the photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 nanoparticles was enhanced by compounding it with bismuth tungstate was studied by microwave cavity perturbation. The results of these tests confirmed that such enhancement of the photocatalytic properties is due to more efficient photogenerated charge carrier separation, as well as to the contribution of the intrinsic photocatalytic properties of Bi2WO6.

Bismuth- and lithium-loaded plastic scintillators for gamma and neutron detection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cherepy, Nerine J.; Sanner, Robert D.; Beck, Patrick R.; Swanberg, Erik L.; Tillotson, Thomas M.; Payne, Stephen A.; Hurlbut, Charles R.

2015-04-01

Transparent plastic scintillators based on polyvinyltoluene (PVT) have been fabricated with high loading of bismuth carboxylates for gamma spectroscopy, and with lithium carboxylates for neutron detection. When activated with a combination of standard fluors, 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) and tetraphenylbutadiene (TPB), gamma light yields with 15 wt% bismuth tripivalate of 5000 Ph/MeV are measured. A PVT plastic formulation including 30 wt% lithium pivalate and 30 wt% PPO offers both pulse shape discrimination, and a neutron capture peak at 400 keVee. In another configuration, a bismuth-loaded PVT plastic is coated with ZnS(6Li) paint, permitting simultaneous gamma and neutron detection via pulse shape discrimination with a figure-of-merit of 3.8, while offering gamma spectroscopy with energy resolution of R(662 keV)=15%.

Increased InAs quantum dot size and density using bismuth as a surfactant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dasika, Vaishno D.; Krivoy, E. M.; Nair, H. P.; Maddox, S. J.; Park, K. W.; Jung, D.; Lee, M. L.; Yu, E. T.; Bank, S. R.

2014-12-01

We have investigated the growth of self-assembled InAs quantum dots using bismuth as a surfactant to control the dot size and density. We find that the bismuth surfactant increases the quantum dot density, size, and uniformity, enabling the extension of the emission wavelength with increasing InAs deposition without a concomitant reduction in dot density. We show that these effects are due to bismuth acting as a reactive surfactant to kinetically suppress the surface adatom mobility. This mechanism for controlling quantum dot density and size has the potential to extend the operating wavelength and enhance the performance of various optoelectronic devices.

Oxidation mechanism of formic acid on the bismuth adatom-modified Pt(111) surface.

PubMed

Perales-Rondón, Juan Victor; Ferre-Vilaplana, Adolfo; Feliu, Juan M; Herrero, Enrique

2014-09-24

In order to improve catalytic processes, elucidation of reaction mechanisms is essential. Here, supported by a combination of experimental and computational results, the oxidation mechanism of formic acid on Pt(111) electrodes modified by the incorporation of bismuth adatoms is revealed. In the proposed model, formic acid is first physisorbed on bismuth and then deprotonated and chemisorbed in formate form, also on bismuth, from which configuration the C-H bond is cleaved, on a neighbor Pt site, yielding CO2. It was found computationally that the activation energy for the C-H bond cleavage step is negligible, which was also verified experimentally.

Viability of Bismuth as a Green Substitute for Lead in Jacketed .357 Magnum Revolver Bullets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jenkins, Joel

In seeking to develop environmentally friendly lead-free non-toxic bullets, the research ballistically evaluated the performance of copper-jacketed handgun bullets containing a pure bismuth core. The lead was first removed from 140 grain Hornady(TM) XTPRTM bullets of 38 caliber (.357 diameter) by melting. The empty jackets were then refilled with pure bismuth, including the forming of a correctly sized hollow-point cavity. Due to the lower density of bismuth as compared to lead, the bismuth-cored bullets consistently weighed 125 gains. Conveniently this allowed direct comparison to commercially available 125 grain Hornady(TM) XTPRTM lead-cored bullets of 38 caliber. Both bismuth-cored and lead-cored versions of the 125 grain bullets had identical nose dimensions and jacket material, the only dimensional difference being the bullet length below the cannelure. Shooting took place at an outdoor range using a 357 Magnum Ruger(TM) SP101RTM revolver with 3" barrel as the test weapon. FBI protocols were followed when firing through clothing, wallboard, plywood, steel plates and laminated glass. Wound paths and bullets were captured in ballistic gelatin, with data collected for velocity, penetration, expansion, and weight retention. Bismuth compared favorably with lead in all but the laminated glass test, where it under penetrated due to jacket separation.

Spectroscopic Characterization of Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens: Suppression using Sub-Inhibitory Concentrations of Bismuth Thiols

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Badireddy, Appala R.; Korpol, Bhoom Reddy; Chellam, Shankararaman

2008-10-21

Free and capsular EPS produced by Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens were characterized in detail using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Total EPS production decreased upon treatment with sub-inhibitory concentrations of lipophilic bismuth thiols (bismuth dimercaptopropanol, BisBAL; bismuth ethanedithiol, BisEDT; and bismuth pyrithione, BisPYR), BisBAL being most effective. Bismuth thiols also influenced acetylation and carboxylation of polysaccharides in EPS from S. marcescens. Extensive homology between EPS samples in the presence and absence of bismuth was observed with proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids varying predominantly only in the total amount expressed. Secondmore » derivative analysis of the amide I region of FTIR spectra revealed decreases in protein secondary structures in the presence of bismuth thiols. Hence, anti-fouling properties of bismuth thiols appear to originate in their ability to suppress O-acetylation and protein secondary structures in addition to total EPS secretion.« less

Chemical Potential Tuning and Enhancement of Thermoelectric Properties in Indium Selenides

PubMed Central

Rhyee, Jong-Soo; Kim, Jin Hee

2015-01-01

Researchers have long been searching for the materials to enhance thermoelectric performance in terms of nano scale approach in order to realize phonon-glass-electron-crystal and quantum confinement effects. Peierls distortion can be a pathway to enhance thermoelectric figure-of-merit ZT by employing natural nano-wire-like electronic and thermal transport. The phonon-softening known as Kohn anomaly, and Peierls lattice distortion decrease phonon energy and increase phonon scattering, respectively, and, as a result, they lower thermal conductivity. The quasi-one-dimensional electrical transport from anisotropic band structure ensures high Seebeck coefficient in Indium Selenide. The routes for high ZT materials development of In4Se3−δ are discussed from quasi-one-dimensional property and electronic band structure calculation to materials synthesis, crystal growth, and their thermoelectric properties investigations. The thermoelectric properties of In4Se3−δ can be enhanced by electron doping, as suggested from the Boltzmann transport calculation. Regarding the enhancement of chemical potential, the chlorine doped In4Se3−δCl0.03 compound exhibits high ZT over a wide temperature range and shows state-of-the-art thermoelectric performance of ZT = 1.53 at 450 °C as an n-type material. It was proven that multiple elements doping can enhance chemical potential further. Here, we discuss the recent progress on the enhancement of thermoelectric properties in Indium Selenides by increasing chemical potential. PMID:28788002

Seedless Growth of Bismuth Nanowire Array via Vacuum Thermal Evaporation

PubMed Central

Liu, Mingzhao; Nam, Chang-Yong; Zhang, Lihua

2015-01-01

Here a seedless and template-free technique is demonstrated to scalably grow bismuth nanowires, through thermal evaporation in high vacuum at RT. Conventionally reserved for the fabrication of metal thin films, thermal evaporation deposits bismuth into an array of vertical single crystalline nanowires over a flat thin film of vanadium held at RT, which is freshly deposited by magnetron sputtering or thermal evaporation. By controlling the temperature of the growth substrate the length and width of the nanowires can be tuned over a wide range. Responsible for this novel technique is a previously unknown nanowire growth mechanism that roots in the mild porosity of the vanadium thin film. Infiltrated into the vanadium pores, the bismuth domains (~ 1 nm) carry excessive surface energy that suppresses their melting point and continuously expels them out of the vanadium matrix to form nanowires. This discovery demonstrates the feasibility of scalable vapor phase synthesis of high purity nanomaterials without using any catalysts. PMID:26709727

21 CFR 73.2162 - Bismuth oxychloride.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Cosmetics § 73.2162 Bismuth oxychloride. (a) Identity and... following diluents: (i) For coloring cosmetics generally, only those diluents listed under § 73.1001(a)(1); (ii) For coloring externally applied cosmetics, only those diluents listed in § 73.1001(b) and, in...

21 CFR 73.2162 - Bismuth oxychloride.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Cosmetics § 73.2162 Bismuth oxychloride. (a) Identity and... following diluents: (i) For coloring cosmetics generally, only those diluents listed under § 73.1001(a)(1); (ii) For coloring externally applied cosmetics, only those diluents listed in § 73.1001(b) and, in...

21 CFR 73.2162 - Bismuth oxychloride.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Cosmetics § 73.2162 Bismuth oxychloride. (a) Identity and... following diluents: (i) For coloring cosmetics generally, only those diluents listed under § 73.1001(a)(1); (ii) For coloring externally applied cosmetics, only those diluents listed in § 73.1001(b) and, in...

Isotopic generator for bismuth-212 and lead-212 based on radium

DOEpatents

Hines, J.J.; Atcher, R.W.; Friedman, A.M.

1985-01-30

Disclosed are method and apparatus for providing radionuclides of bismuth-212 and lead-212. Thorium-228 and carrier solution starting material is input to a radiologically contained portion of an isotopic generator system, and radium-224 is separated from thorium-228 which is retained by a strongly basic anion exchange column. The separated radium-224 is transferred to an accessible, strongly acidic cationic exchange column. The cationic column retains the radium-224, and natural radioactive decay generates bismuth-212 and lead-212. The cationic exchange column can also be separated from the contained portion of the system and utilized without the extraordinary safety measures necessary in the contained portion. Furthermore, the cationic exchange column provides over a relatively long time period the short lived lead-212 and bismuth-212 radionuclides which are useful for a variety of medical therapies.

Bismuth- and lithium-loaded plastic scintillators for gamma and neutron detection

DOE PAGES

Cherepy, Nerine J.; Sanner, Robert D.; Beck, Patrick R.; ...

2015-01-09

In this paper, transparent plastic scintillators based on polyvinyltoluene (PVT) have been fabricated with high loading of bismuth carboxylates for gamma spectroscopy, and with lithium carboxylates for neutron detection. When activated with a combination of standard fluors, 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) and tetraphenylbutadiene (TPB), gamma light yields with 15 wt% bismuth tripivalate of 5000 Ph/MeV are measured. A PVT plastic formulation including 30 wt% lithium pivalate and 30 wt% PPO offers both pulse shape discrimination, and a neutron capture peak at ~400 keVee. Finally, in another configuration, a bismuth-loaded PVT plastic is coated with ZnS( 6Li) paint, permitting simultaneous gamma and neutronmore » detection via pulse shape discrimination with a figure-of-merit of 3.8, while offering gamma spectroscopy with energy resolution of R(662 keV)=15%.« less

Synthesis and characterization of luminescent aluminium selenide nanocrystals

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Balitskii, O.A., E-mail: balitskii@electronics.wups.lviv.ua; Demchenko, P.Yu.; Mijowska, E.

Highlights: ► Synthesis procedure of size and sharp controlled Al{sub 2}Se{sub 3} nanocrystals is introduced. ► Obtained nanoparticles are highly crystalline of hexagonal wurtzite type. ► Colloidal Al{sub 2}Se{sub 3} nanocrystals are highly luminescent in the near UV spectral region. ► They can be implemented in light emitters/collectors, concurring with II–VI nanodots. -- Abstract: We propose the synthesis and characterization of colloidal aluminium selenide nanocrystals using trioctylphosphine as a solvent. The nanoparticles have several absorption bands in the spectral region 330–410 nm and are bright UV-blue luminescent, which is well demanded in light collecting and emitting devices, e.g. for tuningmore » their spectral characteristics to higher energy solar photons.« less

21 CFR 73.1162 - Bismuth oxychloride.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Bismuth oxychloride. 73.1162 Section 73.1162 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF... subpart as safe in color additive mixtures for coloring externally applied drugs. (b) Specifications. The...

Improvements to a Flow Sensor for Liquid Bismuth-Fed Hall Thrusters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bonds, Kevin; Polzin, Kurt A.

2010-01-01

Recently, there has been significant interest in using bismuth metal as a propellant in Hall Thrusters [1, 2]. Bismuth offers some considerable cost, weight, and space savings over the traditional propellant--xenon. Quantifying the performance of liquid metal-fed Hall thrusters requires a very precise measure of the low propellant flow rates [1, 2]. The low flow rates (10 mg/sec) and the temperature at which free flowing liquid bismuth exists (above 300 C) preclude the use of off-the-shelf flow sensing equipment [3]. Therefore a new type of sensor is required. The hotspot bismuth flow sensor, described in Refs. [1-5] is designed to perform a flow rate measurement by measuring the velocity at which a thermal feature moves through a flow chamber. The mass flow rate can be determined from the time of flight of the thermal peak, [4, 5]. Previous research and testing has been concerned mainly with the generation of the thermal peak and it's subsequent detection. In this paper, we present design improvements to the sensor concept; and the results of testing conducted to verify the functionality of these improvements. A ceramic material is required for the sensor body (see Fig. 1), which must allow for active heating of the bismuth flow channel to keep the propellant in a liquid state. The material must be compatible with bismuth and must be bonded to conductive elements to allow for conduction of current into the liquid metal and measurement of the temperature in the flow. The new sensor requires fabrication techniques that will allow for a very small diameter flow chamber, which is required to produce useful measurements. Testing of various materials has revealed several that are potentially compatible with liquid bismuth. Of primary concern in the fabrication and testing of a robust, working prototype, is the compatibility of the selected materials with one another. Specifically, the thermal expansion rates of the materials relative to the ceramic body cannot expand so

Bismuth Oxysulfide and Its Polymer Nanocomposites for Efficient Purification

PubMed Central

Luo, Yidong; Qiao, Lina; Wang, Huanchun; Lan, Shun; Shen, Yang; Lin, Yuanhua; Nan, Cewen

2018-01-01

The danger of toxic organic pollutants in both aquatic and air environments calls for high-efficiency purification material. Herein, layered bismuth copper oxychalcogenides, BiCuSO, nanosheets of high photocatalytic activity were introduced to the PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride). The fibrous membranes provide an easy, efficient, and recyclable way to purify organic pollutant. The physical and photophysical properties of the BiCuSO and its polymer composite were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron spin resonance (EPR). Photocatalysis of Congo Red reveals that the BiCuSO/PVDF shows a superior photocatalytic activity of a 55% degradation rate in 70 min at visible light. The high photocatalytic activity is attributed to the exposed active {101} facets and the triple vacant associates VBi‴VO••VBi‴. By engineering the intrinsic defects on the surface of bismuth oxysulfide, high solar-driven photocatalytic activity can be approached. The successful fabrication of the bismuth oxysulfide and its polymer nanocomposites provides an easy and general approach for high-performance purification materials for various applications. PMID:29562701

Tin, Bismuth, and Tin–Bismuth Alloy Electrodeposition from Chlorometalate Salts in Deep Eutectic Solvents

PubMed Central

Vieira, Luciana; Burt, Jennifer; Richardson, Peter W.; Schloffer, Daniel; Fuchs, David; Moser, Alwin; Bartlett, Philip N.; Reid, Gillian

2017-01-01

Abstract The electrodeposition of tin, bismuth, and tin–bismuth alloys from SnII and BiIII chlorometalate salts in the choline chloride/ethylene glycol (1:2 molar ratio) deep eutectic solvent was studied on glassy carbon and gold by cyclic voltammetry, rotating disc voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. The SnII‐containing electrolyte showed one voltammetric redox process corresponding to SnII/Sn0. The diffusion coefficient of [SnCl3]−, detected as the dominating species by Raman spectroscopy, was determined from Levich and Cottrell analyses. The BiIII‐containing electrolyte showed two voltammetric reduction processes, both attributed to BiIII/Bi0. Dimensionless current/time transients revealed that the electrodeposition of both Sn and Bi on glassy carbon proceeded by 3D‐progressive nucleation at a low overpotential and changed to instantaneous at higher overpotentials. The nucleation rate of Bi on glassy carbon was considerably smaller than that of Sn. Elemental Sn and Bi were electrodeposited on Au‐coated glass slides from their respective salt solutions, as were Sn–Bi alloys from a 2:1 SnII/BiIII solution. The biphasic Sn–Bi alloys changed from a Bi‐rich composition to a Sn‐rich composition by making the deposition potential more negative. PMID:28638772

Tin, Bismuth, and Tin-Bismuth Alloy Electrodeposition from Chlorometalate Salts in Deep Eutectic Solvents.

PubMed

Vieira, Luciana; Burt, Jennifer; Richardson, Peter W; Schloffer, Daniel; Fuchs, David; Moser, Alwin; Bartlett, Philip N; Reid, Gillian; Gollas, Bernhard

2017-06-01

The electrodeposition of tin, bismuth, and tin-bismuth alloys from Sn II and Bi III chlorometalate salts in the choline chloride/ethylene glycol (1:2 molar ratio) deep eutectic solvent was studied on glassy carbon and gold by cyclic voltammetry, rotating disc voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. The Sn II -containing electrolyte showed one voltammetric redox process corresponding to Sn II /Sn 0 . The diffusion coefficient of [SnCl 3 ] - , detected as the dominating species by Raman spectroscopy, was determined from Levich and Cottrell analyses. The Bi III -containing electrolyte showed two voltammetric reduction processes, both attributed to Bi III /Bi 0 . Dimensionless current/time transients revealed that the electrodeposition of both Sn and Bi on glassy carbon proceeded by 3D-progressive nucleation at a low overpotential and changed to instantaneous at higher overpotentials. The nucleation rate of Bi on glassy carbon was considerably smaller than that of Sn. Elemental Sn and Bi were electrodeposited on Au-coated glass slides from their respective salt solutions, as were Sn-Bi alloys from a 2:1 Sn II /Bi III solution. The biphasic Sn-Bi alloys changed from a Bi-rich composition to a Sn-rich composition by making the deposition potential more negative.

21 CFR 73.2162 - Bismuth oxychloride.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Bismuth oxychloride. 73.2162 Section 73.2162 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF... following diluents: (i) For coloring cosmetics generally, only those diluents listed under § 73.1001(a)(1...

CONCENTRATION AND DECONTAMINATION OF SOLUTIONS CONTAINING PLUTONIUM VALUES BY BISMUTH PHOSPHATE CARRIER PRECIPITATION METHODS

DOEpatents

Seaborg, G.T.; Thompson, S.G.

1960-08-23

A process is given for isolating plutonium present in the tetravalent state in an aqueous solution together with fission products. First, the plutonium and fission products are coprecipitated on a bismuth phosphate carrier. The precipitate obtained is dissolved, and the plutonium in the solution is oxidized to the hexavalent state (with ceric nitrate, potassium dichromate, Pb/ sub 3/O/sub 4/, sodium bismuthate and/or potassium dichromate). Thereafter a carrier for fission products is added (bismuth phosphate, lanthanum fluoride, ceric phosphate, bismuth oxalate, thorium iodate, or thorium oxalate), and the fission-product precipitation can be repeated with one other of these carriers. After removal of the fission-product-containing precipitate or precipitates. the plutonium in the supernatant is reduced to the tetravalent state (with sulfur dioxide, hydrogen peroxide. or sodium nitrate), and a carrier for tetravalent plutonium is added (lanthanum fluoride, lanthanum hydroxide, lanthanum phosphate, ceric phosphate, thorium iodate, thorium oxalate, bismuth oxalate, or niobium pentoxide). The plutonium-containing precipitate is then dissolved in a relatively small volume of liquid so as to obtain a concentrated solution. Prior to dissolution, the bismuth phosphate precipitates first formed can be metathesized with a mixture of sodium hydroxide and potassium carbonate and plutonium-containing lanthanum fluorides with alkali-metal hydroxide. In the solutions formed from a plutonium-containing lanthanum fluoride carrier the plutonium can be selectively precipitated with a peroxide after the pH was adjusted preferably to a value of between 1 and 2. Various combinations of second, third, and fourth carriers are discussed.

Identification of Nanocrystalline Inclusions in Bismuth-Doped Silica Fibers and Preforms.

PubMed

Iskhakova, Liudmila D; Milovich, Filipp O; Mashinsky, Valery M; Zlenko, Alexander S; Borisovsky, Sergey E; Dianov, Evgeny M

2016-10-01

The nature of nanocrystalline inclusions and dopant distribution in bismuth-doped silicate fibers and preforms are studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and energy and wavelength-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The core compositions are Bi:SiO2, Bi:Al2O3-SiO2, Bi:GeO2-SiO2, Bi:Al2O3-GeO2-SiO2, and Bi:P2O5-Al2O3-GeO2-SiO2. Nanocrystals of metallic Bi, Bi2O3, SiO2, GeO2, and Bi4(GeO4)3 are observed in these glasses. These inclusions can be the reason for the background optical loss in bismuth-doped optical fibers. The bismuth concentration of 0.0048±0.0006 at% is directly measured in aluminosilicate optical fibers with effective laser generation (slope efficiency of 27% at room temperature).

Ovonic switching in tin selenide thin films. Ph.D. Thesis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Baxter, C. R.

1974-01-01

Amorphous tin selenide thin films which possess Ovonic switching properties were fabricated using vacuum deposition techniques. Results obtained indicate that memory type Ovonic switching does occur in these films the energy density required for switching from a high impedance to a low impedance state is dependent on the spacing between the electrodes of the device. The switching is also function of the magnitude of the applied voltage pulse. A completely automated computer controlled testing procedure was developed which allows precise control over the shape of the applied voltage switching pulse. A survey of previous experimental and theoretical work in the area of Ovonic switching is also presented.

Myoclonic encephalopathy due to bismuth salts: treatment with dimercaprol and analysis of CSF transmitters.

PubMed

Molina, J A; Calandre, L; Bermejo, F

1989-03-01

Two cases of myoclonic encephalopathy due to bismuth salts intoxication are reported. In both, treatment with dimercaprol led to clinical recovery. This therapy was shown to enhance bismuth clearance. We also present data on the CSF metabolites dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin of one patient.

Hydrolysis studies on bismuth nitrate: synthesis and crystallization of four novel polynuclear basic bismuth nitrates.

PubMed

Miersch, L; Rüffer, T; Schlesinger, M; Lang, H; Mehring, M

2012-09-03

Hydrolysis of Bi(NO(3))(3) in aqueous solution gave crystals of the novel compounds [Bi(6)O(4)(OH)(4)(NO(3))(5)(H(2)O)](NO(3)) (1) and [Bi(6)O(4)(OH)(4)(NO(3))(6)(H(2)O)(2)]·H(2)O (2) among the series of hexanuclear bismuth oxido nitrates. Compounds 1 and 2 both crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n but show significant differences in their lattice parameters: 1, a = 9.2516(6) Å, b = 13.4298(9) Å, c = 17.8471(14) Å, β = 94.531(6)°, V = 2210.5(3) Å(3); 2, a = 9.0149(3) Å, b = 16.9298(4) Å, c = 15.6864(4) Å, β = 90.129(3)°, V = 2394.06(12) Å(3). Variation of the conditions for partial hydrolysis of Bi(NO(3))(3) gave bismuth oxido nitrates of even higher nuclearity, [{Bi(38)O(45)(NO(3))(24)(DMSO)(26)}·4DMSO][{Bi(38)O(45)(NO(3))(24)(DMSO)(24)}·4DMSO] (3) and [{Bi(38)O(45)(NO(3))(24)(DMSO)(26)}·2DMSO][{Bi(38)O(45)(NO(3))(24)(DMSO)(24)}·0.5DMSO] (5), upon crystallization from DMSO. Bismuth oxido clusters 3 and 5 crystallize in the triclinic space group P1 both with two crystallographically independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The following lattice parameters are observed: 3, a = 20.3804(10) Å, b = 20.3871(9) Å, c = 34.9715(15) Å, α = 76.657(4)°, β = 73.479(4)°, γ = 60.228(5)°, V = 12021.7(9) Å(3); 5, a = 20.0329(4) Å, b = 20.0601(4) Å, c = 34.3532(6) Å, α = 90.196(1)°, β = 91.344(2)°, γ = 119.370(2)°, V = 12025.8(4) Å(3). Differences in the number of DMSO molecules (coordinated and noncoordinated) and ligand (nitrate, DMSO) coordination modes are observed.

Disturbed oxidative metabolism in organic brain syndrome caused by bismuth in skin creams.

PubMed

Krüger, G; Thomas, D J; Weinhardt, F; Hoyer, S

1976-09-04

Two patients are described with an organic brain syndrome thought to be due to bismuth (Bi) absorbed from a skin cream. Both patients had intellectual impairment and memory loss punctuated by periods of confusion, tremulousness, clumsiness, difficulty in walking, and myoclonic jerks. A similar clinical picture has been reported from Australia and France in patients taking insoluble bismuth salts by mouth. Bi was found in cerebral venous blood in both patients and in the cerebrospinal fluid in one. It is suggested that bismuth can cross the blood/brain barrier and disturb oxidative cerebral metabolism, because increased lactate production was found with decreased consumption of oxygen and glucose and lowered cerebral blood-flow.

Build-up enhancement of photoluminescence from phenylazomethine bismuth dendrimer using Bi(OTf)3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kambe, Tetsuya; Imaoka, Shotaro; Imaoka, Takane; Yamamoto, Kimihisa

2018-05-01

Metal assembly to a dendrimer can provide various functionalities based on the branched structure. Here, we researched assembly phenomena of bismuth salts in the phenylazomethine dendrimer and achieved enhancement of emission intensity per metal unit by using Bi(OTf)3. This enhancement suggested increasing of Bi-N coordination bonds derived from the bismuth units in the dendrimer.

Separation of bismuth from gram amounts of thallium and silver by cation-exchange chromatography in nitric acid.

PubMed

Meintjies, E; Strelow, F W; Victor, A H

1987-04-01

Traces and small amounts of bismuth can be separated from gram amounts of thallium and silver by successively eluting these elements with 0.3M and 0.6M nitric acid from a column containing 13 ml (3 g) of AG50W-X4, a cation-exchanger (100-200 mesh particle size) with low cross-linking. Bismuth is retained and can be eluted with 0.2M hydrobromic acid containing 20% v/v acetone, leaving many other trace elements absorbed. Elution of thallium is quite sharp, but silver shows a small amount of tailing (less than 1 gmg/ml silver in the eluate) when gram amounts are present, between 20 and 80 mug of silver appearing in the bismuth fraction. Relevant elution curves and results for the analysis of synthetic mixtures containing between 50 mug and 10 mg of bismuth and up to more than 1 g of thallium and silver are presented, as well as results for bismuth in a sample of thallium metal and in Merck thallium(I) carbonate. As little as 0.01 ppm of bismuth can be determined when the separation is combined with electrothermal atomic-absorption spectrometry.

Comparison of analytical performances of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for trace analysis of bismuth and bismuth oxide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Medvedev, Nickolay S.; Shaverina, Anastasiya V.; Tsygankova, Alphiya R.; Saprykin, Anatoly I.

2018-04-01

The paper presents а comparison of analytical performances of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) for trace analysis of high purity bismuth and bismuth oxide. Matrix effects in the ICP-MS and ICP-AES methods were studied as a function of Bi concentration, ICP power and nebulizer flow rate. For ICP-MS the strong dependence of the matrix effects versus the atomic mass of analytes was observed. For ICP-AES the minimal matrix effects were achieved for spectral lines of analytes with low excitation potentials. The optimum degree of sample dilution providing minimum values of the limits of detection (LODs) was chosen. Both methods let us to reach LODs from n·10-7 to n·10-4 wt% for more than 50 trace elements. For most elements the LODs of ICP-MS were lower in comparison to ICP-AES. Validation of accuracy of the developed techniques was performed by "added-found" experiments and by comparison of the results of ICP-MS and ICP-AES analysis of high-purity bismuth oxide.

21 CFR 73.2110 - Bismuth citrate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... restrictions. The color additive bismuth citrate may be safely used in cosmetics intended for coloring hair on..., eyebrows, or hair on parts of the body other than the scalp. (d) Labeling. (1) The label of the color... abraded scalp. Do not use to color eyelashes, eyebrows, or hair on parts of the body other than the scalp...

21 CFR 73.2110 - Bismuth citrate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... restrictions. The color additive bismuth citrate may be safely used in cosmetics intended for coloring hair on..., eyebrows, or hair on parts of the body other than the scalp. (d) Labeling. (1) The label of the color... abraded scalp. Do not use to color eyelashes, eyebrows, or hair on parts of the body other than the scalp...

21 CFR 73.2110 - Bismuth citrate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... restrictions. The color additive bismuth citrate may be safely used in cosmetics intended for coloring hair on..., eyebrows, or hair on parts of the body other than the scalp. (d) Labeling. (1) The label of the color... abraded scalp. Do not use to color eyelashes, eyebrows, or hair on parts of the body other than the scalp...

21 CFR 73.2110 - Bismuth citrate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... restrictions. The color additive bismuth citrate may be safely used in cosmetics intended for coloring hair on..., eyebrows, or hair on parts of the body other than the scalp. (d) Labeling. (1) The label of the color... abraded scalp. Do not use to color eyelashes, eyebrows, or hair on parts of the body other than the scalp...

21 CFR 73.2110 - Bismuth citrate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... restrictions. The color additive bismuth citrate may be safely used in cosmetics intended for coloring hair on..., eyebrows, or hair on parts of the body other than the scalp. (d) Labeling. (1) The label of the color... abraded scalp. Do not use to color eyelashes, eyebrows, or hair on parts of the body other than the scalp...

Shape-controlled solvothermal synthesis of bismuth subcarbonate nanomaterials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Gang; Yang, Hanmin; Rong, Kaifeng; Lu, Zhong; Yu, Xianglin; Chen, Rong

2010-08-01

Much effort has been devoted to the synthesis of novel nanostructured materials because of their unique properties and potential applications. Bismuth subcarbonate ((BiO) 2CO 3) is one of commonly used antibacterial agents against Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori). Different (BiO) 2CO 3 nanostructures such as cube-like nanoparticles, nanobars and nanoplates, were fabricated from bismuth nitrate via a simple solvothermal method. The nanostructures were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). It was found that the solvents and precursors have an influence on the morphologies of (BiO) 2CO 3 nanostructures. The possible formation mechanism of different (BiO) 2CO 3 nanostructures fabricated under different conditions was also discussed.

Structural and optical characterization of bismuth sulphide nanorods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shah, N. M.; Poria, K. C.

2017-05-01

In this work Bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) nanorods with a high order of crystallinity is synthesized via hydrothermal method from aqueous solution of Bismuth Nitrate Pentahydrate and elemental Sulphur using Triethanolamine (TEA) as capping agent. The microstructures of Bi2S3 nanorods were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The positions and relative intensities of all the peaks in XRD pattern are in good agreement with those of the orthorhombic crystal structure of Bi2S3. TEM images shows that synthesized Bi2S3 has morphology of nanorods while selected area electron diffraction pattern indicates single crystalline nature. The analysis of diffuse reflectance (DR) spectrum of as synthesized Bi2S3 using Kubelka - Munk theory suggests direct energy band gap of 1.5 eV.

Volume and Surface Properties of a Bismuth-Containing Separating Nickel Melt

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Filippov, K. S.

2017-11-01

The influence of a bismuth impurity on the properties of solid and liquid alloys in the concentration range that obeys Henry's law is considered. The structural and physicochemical properties, specifically, the density and the surface tension, of real melts are studied on relatively pure metals. The changes in the properties of the melts are estimated from changes in the temperature dependences of the density and the surface tension upon heating and cooling and in the concentration dependences of these parameters at a constant temperature. These dependences exhibit a correlation between the volume and surface properties of the melts: the density and the surface tension increase or decrease simultaneously. The introduction of bismuth in the nickel melt is accompanied by the appearance of a relatively strong compression effect (i.e., a decrease in the melt volume). At a certain bismuth content in the melt, the compression effect weakens because of the appearance of an excess phase or its associates and melt separation.

Fabrication of Nanovoid-Imbedded Bismuth Telluride with Low Dimensional System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chu, Sang-Hyon (Inventor); Choi, Sang H. (Inventor); Kim, Jae-Woo (Inventor); Park, Yeonjoon (Inventor); Elliott, James R. (Inventor); King, Glen C. (Inventor); Stoakley, Diane M. (Inventor)

2013-01-01

A new fabrication method for nanovoids-imbedded bismuth telluride (Bi--Te) material with low dimensional (quantum-dots, quantum-wires, or quantum-wells) structure was conceived during the development of advanced thermoelectric (TE) materials. Bismuth telluride is currently the best-known candidate material for solid-state TE cooling devices because it possesses the highest TE figure of merit at room temperature. The innovative process described here allows nanometer-scale voids to be incorporated in Bi--Te material. The final nanovoid structure such as void size, size distribution, void location, etc. can be also controlled under various process conditions.

ADSORPTION-BISMUTH PHOSPHATE METHOD FOR SEPARATING PLUTONIUM

DOEpatents

Russell, E.R.; Adamson, A.W.; Boyd, G.E.

1960-06-28

A process is given for separating plutonium from uranium and fission products. Plutonium and uranium are adsorbed by a cation exchange resin, plutonium is eluted from the adsorbent, and then, after oxidation to the hexavalent state, the plutonium is contacted with a bismuth phosphate carrier precipitate.

Inorganic fullerene-like molybdenum selenide with good biocompatibility synthesized by laser ablation in liquids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Xiaoju; Tian, Xiumei; Chen, Tongming; Zeng, Ao; Yang, Guowei

2018-07-01

The fabrication of inorganic fullerene-like nanoparticles (IFNPs) is an attractive idea due to their unique structures and various potential applications. To date, IFNPs have been made from numerous compounds with layered two-dimensional structures, based on various synthetic methods. Here we have demonstrated for the first time that inorganic fullerene-like molybdenum selenide nanoparticles (MoSe2 IFNPs) can be synthesized by laser ablating a molybdenum selenide target in 30 vol % ethanol/water mixture at ambient temperature and pressure. The formation mechanism was proposed to elucidate the production of MoSe2 IFNPs in the process of laser ablation in liquids (LAL). The appropriate solvent facilitates the condensation of the plasma plume created by LAL to planar MoSe2. Then, laser-induced high temperature and high pressure lead to the formation of a vacancy in the planar MoSe2, causing the generation of nucleation and growth of the MoSe2 IFNPs. In addition, a CCK-8 (cell counting kit-8) assay and a cell viability assay were performed to examine the cytotoxic behavior and the effect on cell viability of MoSe2 IFNPs. The results show that MoSe2 IFNPs are reasonably nontoxic and biocompatible with the given cells, showing they have significant potential in biomedical applications.

Transparent metal selenide alloy counter electrodes for high-efficiency bifacial dye-sensitized solar cells.

PubMed

Duan, Yanyan; Tang, Qunwei; Liu, Juan; He, Benlin; Yu, Liangmin

2014-12-22

The exploration of cost-effective and transparent counter electrodes (CEs) is a persistent objective in the development of bifacial dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Transparent counter electrodes based on binary-alloy metal selenides (M-Se; M=Co, Ni, Cu, Fe, Ru) are now obtained by a mild, solution-based method and employed in efficient bifacial DSSCs. Owing to superior charge-transfer ability for the I(-) /I3 (-) redox couple, electrocatalytic activity toward I3 (-) reduction, and optical transparency, the bifacial DSSCs with CEs consisting of a metal selenide alloy yield front and rear efficiencies of 8.30 % and 4.63 % for Co0.85 Se, 7.85 % and 4.37 % for Ni0.85 Se, 6.43 % and 4.24 % for Cu0.50 Se, 7.64 % and 5.05 % for FeSe, and 9.22 % and 5.90 % for Ru0.33 Se in comparison with 6.18 % and 3.56 % for a cell with an electrode based on pristine platinum, respectively. Moreover, fast activity onset, high multiple start/stop capability, and relatively good stability demonstrate that these new electrodes should find applications in solar panels. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Inorganic fullerene-like molybdenum selenide with good biocompatibility synthesized by laser ablation in liquids.

PubMed

Wu, Xiaoju; Tian, Xiumei; Chen, Tongming; Zeng, Ao; Yang, Guowei

2018-07-20

The fabrication of inorganic fullerene-like nanoparticles (IFNPs) is an attractive idea due to their unique structures and various potential applications. To date, IFNPs have been made from numerous compounds with layered two-dimensional structures, based on various synthetic methods. Here we have demonstrated for the first time that inorganic fullerene-like molybdenum selenide nanoparticles (MoSe 2 IFNPs) can be synthesized by laser ablating a molybdenum selenide target in 30 vol % ethanol/water mixture at ambient temperature and pressure. The formation mechanism was proposed to elucidate the production of MoSe 2 IFNPs in the process of laser ablation in liquids (LAL). The appropriate solvent facilitates the condensation of the plasma plume created by LAL to planar MoSe 2 . Then, laser-induced high temperature and high pressure lead to the formation of a vacancy in the planar MoSe 2 , causing the generation of nucleation and growth of the MoSe 2 IFNPs. In addition, a CCK-8 (cell counting kit-8) assay and a cell viability assay were performed to examine the cytotoxic behavior and the effect on cell viability of MoSe 2 IFNPs. The results show that MoSe 2 IFNPs are reasonably nontoxic and biocompatible with the given cells, showing they have significant potential in biomedical applications.

Bismuth knowledge during the Renaissance strengthened by its use in Italian lustres production

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Padeletti, G.; Fermo, P.

The knowledge of bismuth during the XV and XVI centuries represents an open question since, according to some authors, this element was confused with lead, tin and silver. On the contrary, G. Agricola (1494-1555), the pioneer of mineralogical science in Europe, in his two works (De Natura Fossilium, Lib X, 1546 and Bermannus Sive De Re Metallica Dialogus, 1528) asserts that bismuth was considered as an element distinct from the other metals at that time. This question gave rise to some interest, and von Lippmann in 1930 wrote a treatise dealing with the history of bismuth between 1400 and 1800. In this work we present the results obtained on Italian and Hispano-Moresque shards studied by means of X-ray diffraction, atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomisation, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. It seems that our work could provide a new and important contribution to this debate, because we found bismuth in lustre composition of Renaissance shards produced in central Italy. Furthermore, we found that it could also be considered as a discriminating element between Italian and Hispano-Moresque productions, useful to assess their origin.

Light-Induced Surface Reactions at the Bismuth Vanadate/Potassium Phosphate Interface.

PubMed

Favaro, Marco; Abdi, Fatwa F; Lamers, Marlene; Crumlin, Ethan J; Liu, Zhi; van de Krol, Roel; Starr, David E

2018-01-18

Bismuth vanadate has recently drawn significant research attention as a light-absorbing photoanode due to its performance for photoelectrochemical water splitting. In this study, we use in situ ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with "tender" X-rays (4.0 keV) to investigate a polycrystalline bismuth vanadate (BiVO 4 ) electrode in contact with an aqueous potassium phosphate (KPi) solution at open circuit potential under both dark and light conditions. This is facilitated by the creation of a 25 to 30 nm thick electrolyte layer using the "dip-and-pull" method. We observe that under illumination bismuth phosphate forms on the BiVO 4 surface leading to an increase of the surface negative charge. The bismuth phosphate layer may act to passivate surface states observed in photoelectrochemical measurements. The repulsive interaction between the negatively charged surface under illumination and the phosphate ions in solution causes a shift in the distribution of ions in the thin aqueous electrolyte film, which is observed as an increase in their photoelectron signals. Interestingly, we find that such changes at the BiVO 4 /KPi electrolyte interface are reversible upon returning to dark conditions. By measuring the oxygen 1s photoelectron peak intensities from the phosphate ions and liquid water as a function of time under dark and light conditions, we determine the time scales for the forward and reverse reactions. Our results provide direct evidence for light-induced chemical modification of the BiVO 4 /KPi electrolyte interface.

Optical Properties of Nanoscale Bismuth Selenide and Its Heterocrystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vargas, Anthony

Over the past 12 years since the groundbreaking work on graphene, the field of 2D layered materials has grown by leaps and bounds as more materials are theoretically predicted and experimentically verified. These materials and their unique electronic, optical, and mechanical properties have inspired the scientific community to explore and investigate novel, fundamental physical phenomena as well create and refine technological devices which leverage the host of unique benefits which these materials possess. In the past few years, this burgeoning field has heavily moved towards combining layers of various materials into novel heterostructures. These heterostructures are an exciting area of research because of the plethora of exciting possibilities and results which arise due to the large number of heterostructure combinations and configurations. Particularly, the research into the optical properties of these layered materials and their heterostructures under confinement provides another exciting avenue for developing optoelectric devices. In this dissertation, I present work on the synthesis of Bi2Se 3 nanostructures via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and the study of the optical properties of these nanostructures and their heterostructures with MoS2. The bulk of the current published work on Bi2Se 3 has focused on the exotic topological properties of its surface states, both interesting fundamental physics purposes as well as for studying avenues for spintronics. In contrast, the work presented here focuses on studying the optical properties of Bi2Se3 nanostructures and how these properties evolve when subjected to confinement. Specifically, the absorbance of singlecrystal Bi2Se3 with sizes tailored down to a few nanometers in diameter and a few quintuple layers (QLs) in thickness. We find a dramatically large bandgap, Eg ≥ 2.5 eV, in the smallest particles which is much higher than that seen in 1QL measurements taken with ARPES. Additionally, utilizing photoluminescence (PL) measurements of CVD-grown Bi 2Se3 nanoplates with few QL thickness and effective diameters in the tens of nanometers, Bi2Se3 nanoplatelets show a strong PL response with photon energies, Eph, in the ˜2.1-2.3 eV region. Annealing of these samples at 200?C for 4 hours increases the PL intensity by a factor of 2.4 to 3 for nanoscale Bi2Se3. Furthermore, this work investigates the synthesis of the novel Bi2Se3-MoS 2 heterocrystal that arises from epitaxial growth of Bi2Se 3 on MoS2 substrates. These heterocrystals consist of n layers of Bi2Se3 perfectly rotationally-aligned epitaxially with the monolayer MoS2 substrate. Investigation into these heterocystals produced results which include 100% PL-suppression of the MoS2 PL response, precisely tunable band-gap ranging from 1.1eV ? 0.75 eV, and a spectacular wide-band enhancement of photo-absorption over nearly the entire solar spectral wavelengths. Finally, a simple laser-treatment appears to dramatically reverse these changes, attributed to breakdown of the rotational congruency between the MoS2 and Bi2Se3 layers. These heterocrystals have immense potentials for novel physics and applications in nanoelectronics, optoelectronics and energy sciences at the atomically-thin scale.

Bismuth oxide nanotubes-graphene fiber-based flexible supercapacitors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gopalsamy, Karthikeyan; Xu, Zhen; Zheng, Bingna; Huang, Tieqi; Kou, Liang; Zhao, Xiaoli; Gao, Chao

2014-07-01

Graphene-bismuth oxide nanotube fiber as electrode material for constituting flexible supercapacitors using a PVA/H3PO4 gel electrolyte is reported with a high specific capacitance (Ca) of 69.3 mF cm-2 (for a single electrode) and 17.3 mF cm-2 (for the whole device) at 0.1 mA cm-2, respectively. Our approach opens the door to metal oxide-graphene hybrid fibers and high-performance flexible electronics.Graphene-bismuth oxide nanotube fiber as electrode material for constituting flexible supercapacitors using a PVA/H3PO4 gel electrolyte is reported with a high specific capacitance (Ca) of 69.3 mF cm-2 (for a single electrode) and 17.3 mF cm-2 (for the whole device) at 0.1 mA cm-2, respectively. Our approach opens the door to metal oxide-graphene hybrid fibers and high-performance flexible electronics. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Equations and characterization. SEM images of GGO, XRD and XPS of Bi2O3 NTs, HRTEM images and EDX Spectra of Bi2O3 NT5-GF, CV curves of Bi2O3NT5-GF, Bi2O3 NTs and bismuth nitrate in three-electrode system (vs. Ag/AgCl). CV and GCD curves of Bi2O3 NT1-GF and Bi2O3 NT3-GF. See DOI: 10.1039/c4nr02615b

Bismuth silicate glass containing heavy metal oxide as a promising radiation shielding material

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elalaily, Nagia A.; Abou-Hussien, Eman M.; Saad, Ebtisam A.

2016-12-01

Optical and FTIR spectroscopic measurements and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) properties have been utilized to investigate and characterize the given compositions of binary bismuth silicate glasses. In this work, it is aimed to study the possibility of using the prepared bismuth silicate glasses as a good shielding material for γ-rays in which adding bismuth oxide to silicate glasses causes distinguish increase in its density by an order of magnitude ranging from one to two more than mono divalent oxides. The good thermal stability and high density of the bismuth-based silicate glass encourage many studies to be undertaken to understand its radiation shielding efficiency. For this purpose a glass containing 20% bismuth oxide and 80% SiO2 was prepared using the melting-annealing technique. In addition the effects of adding some alkali heavy metal oxides to this glass, such as PbO, BaO or SrO, were also studied. EPR measurements show that the prepared glasses have good stability when exposed to γ-irradiation. The changes in the FTIR spectra due to the presence of metal oxides were referred to the different housing positions and physical properties of the respective divalent Sr2+, Ba2+ and Pb2+ ions. Calculations of optical band gap energies were presented for some selected glasses from the UV data to support the probability of using these glasses as a gamma radiation shielding material. The results showed stability of both optical and magnetic spectra of the studied glasses toward gamma irradiation, which validates their irradiation shielding behavior and suitability as the radiation shielding candidate materials.

A bismuth activation counter for high sensitivity pulsed 14 MeV neutrons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Burns, E. J. T.; Thacher, P. D.; Hassig, G. J.; Decker, R. D.; Romero, J. A.; Barrett, K. P.

2011-08-01

We have built a fast neutron bismuth activation counter that measures activation counts from pulsed 14-MeV neutron generators for incident neutron fluences between 30 and 300 neutrons/cm2 at 15.2 cm (6 in.). The activation counter consists of a large bismuth germanate (BGO) detector surrounded by a bismuth metal shield in front of and concentric with the cylindrical detector housing. The 14 MeV neutrons activate the 2.6-millisecond (ms) isomer in the shield and the detector by the reaction 209Bi (n,2nγ) 208mBi. The use of millisecond isomers and activation counting times minimizes the background from other activated materials and the environment. In addition to activation, the bismuth metal shields against other outside radiation sources. We have tested the bismuth activation counter, simultaneously, with two data acquisition systems (DASs) and both give similar results. The two-dimensional (2D) DAS and three dimensional (3D) DAS both consist of pulse height analysis (PHA) systems that can be used to discriminate against gamma radiations below 300 keV photon energy, so that the detector can be used strictly as a counter. If the counting time is restricted to less than 25 ms after the neutron pulse, there are less than 10 counts of background for single pulse operation in all our operational environments tested so far. High-fluence neutron generator operations are restricted by large dead times and pulse height saturation. When we operate our 3D DAS PHA system in list mode acquisition (LIST), real-time corrections to dead time or live time can be made on the scale of 1 ms time windows or dwell times. The live time correction is consistent with nonparalyzable models for dead time of 1.0±0.2 μs for our 3D DAS and 1.5±0.3 μs for our 2D DAS dominated by our fixed time width analog to digital converters (ADCs). With the same solid angle, we have shown that the bismuth activation counter has a factor of 4 increase in sensitivity over our lead activation counter

Acute Esophageal Necrosis: A Case of Black Esophagus Associated with Bismuth Subsalicylate Ingestion

PubMed Central

Mankal, Pavan; Judeh, Hani; Kim, Sang

2014-01-01

We present a case of acute esophageal necrosis (AEN) likely caused by chronic use of bismuth subsalicylate, an active ingredient in over-the-counter Pepto-Bismol®, which contains 220 g of salicylic acid in each 30 mL quantity. While aspirin is known to cause gastritis and gastric ulcers, this is the first case, to our knowledge, reporting AEN after chronic bismuth subsalicylate use. PMID:26157851

Structural Dynamics and Evolution of Bismuth Electrodes during Electrochemical Reduction of CO 2 in Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid Solutions

DOE PAGES

Medina-Ramos, Jonnathan; Lee, Sang Soo; Fister, Timothy T.; ...

2017-09-12

Real-time changes in the composition and structure of bismuth electrodes used for catalytic conversion of CO 2 into CO were examined via X-ray absorption spectroscopy (including XANES and EXAFS), electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and in situ X-ray reflectivity (XR). Measurements were performed with bismuth electrodes immersed in acetonitrile (MeCN) solutions containing a 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([BMIM] +) ionic liquid promoter or electrochemically inactive tetrabutylammonium supporting electrolytes (TBAPF 6 or TBAOTf). Altogether, these measurements show that bismuth electrodes are originally a mixture of bismuth oxides (including Bi 2O 3) and metallic bismuth (Bi 0), and that the reduction of oxidized bismuth speciesmore » to Bi 0 is fully achieved under potentials at which CO 2 activation takes place. Furthermore, EQCM measurements conducted during cyclic voltammetry revealed that a bismuth-coated quartz crystal exhibits significant shifts in resistance (ΔR) prior to the onset of CO 2 reduction near -1.75 V vs. Ag/AgCl and pronounced hysteresis in frequency (Δf) and ΔR, which suggests significant changes in roughness or viscosity at the Bi/[BMIM] + solution interface. In situ XR performed on rhombohedral Bi (001) oriented films indicates extensive restructuring of the bismuth film cathodes takes place upon polarization to potentials more negative than -1.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl, which is characterized by a decrease of the Bi (001) Bragg peak intensity of ≥50% in [BMIM]OTf solutions in the presence and absence of CO 2. Over 90% of the reflectivity is recovered during the anodic half-scan, suggesting that the structural changes are mostly reversible. By contrast, such a phenomenon is not observed for thin Bi (001) oriented films in solutions of tetrabutylammonium salts that do not promote CO 2 reduction. In conclusion, these results highlight that Bi electrodes undergo significant potential-dependent chemical and structural transformations in

Atomic Layer Deposition of Bismuth Vanadates for Solar Energy Materials.

PubMed

Stefik, Morgan

2016-07-07

The fabrication of porous nanocomposites is key to the advancement of energy conversion and storage devices that interface with electrolytes. Bismuth vanadate, BiVO4 , is a promising oxide for solar water splitting where the controlled fabrication of BiVO4 layers within porous, conducting scaffolds has remained a challenge. Here, the atomic layer deposition of bismuth vanadates is reported from BiPh3 , vanadium(V) oxytriisopropoxide, and water. The resulting films have tunable stoichiometry and may be crystallized to form the photoactive scheelite structure of BiVO4 . A selective etching process was used with vanadium-rich depositions to enable the synthesis of phase-pure BiVO4 after spinodal decomposition. BiVO4 thin films were measured for photoelectrochemical performance under AM 1.5 illumination. The average photocurrents were 1.17 mA cm(-2) at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode using a hole-scavenging sulfite electrolyte. The capability to deposit conformal bismuth vanadates will enable a new generation of nanocomposite architectures for solar water splitting. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Multi-elemental bio-imaging of rat tissue from a study investigating the bioavailability of bismuth from shotgun pellets.

PubMed

Urgast, Dagmar S; Ellingsen, Dag G; Berlinger, Balázs; Eilertsen, Einar; Friisk, Grete; Skaug, Vidar; Thomassen, Yngvar; Beattie, John H; Kwun, In-Sook; Feldmann, Jörg

2012-07-01

In recent years, bismuth has been promoted as a "green element" and is used as a substitute for the toxic lead in ammunition and other applications. However, the bioavailability and toxicity of bismuth is still not very well described. Following a hunting accident with bismuth-containing shots, a bioavailability study of bismuth from metal pellets inoculated into rat limb muscles was carried out. Bismuth could be found in urine and blood of the animals. Bio-imaging using laser ablation ICP-MS of thin sections of the tissue around the metal implant was carried out to find out more about the distribution of the metal diffusing into the tissue. Two laser ablation systems with different ablation cell designs were compared regarding their analytical performance. Low concentrations of bismuth showing a non-symmetrical pattern were detected in the tissue surrounding the metal implant. This was partly an artefact from cutting the thin sections but also bio-mobilisation of the metals of the implant could be seen. An accumulation of zinc around the implant was interpreted as a marker of inflammation. Challenges regarding sample preparation for laser ablation and bio-imaging of samples of diverse composition became apparent during the analysis.

Room temperature chemical bath deposition of cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide and cadmium sulfoselenide thin films with novel nanostructures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

VanderHyde, Cephas A.; Sartale, S. D.; Patil, Jayant M.; Ghoderao, Karuna P.; Sawant, Jitendra P.; Kale, Rohidas B.

2015-10-01

A simple, convenient and low cost chemical synthesis route has been used to deposit nanostructured cadmium sulfide, selenide and sulfoselenide thin films at room temperature. The films were deposited on glass substrates, using cadmium acetate as cadmium ion and sodium selenosulfate/thiourea as a selenium/sulfur ion sources. Aqueous ammonia was used as a complex reagent and also to adjust the pH of the final solution. The as-deposited films were uniform, well adherent to the glass substrate, specularly reflective and red/yellow in color depending on selenium and sulfur composition. The X-ray diffraction pattern of deposited cadmium selenide thin film revealed the nanocrystalline nature with cubic phase; cadmium sulfide revealed mixture of cubic along with hexagonal phase and cadmium sulfoselenide thin film were grown with purely hexagonal phase. The morphological observations revealed the growth and formation of interesting one, two and three-dimensional nanostructures. The band gap of thin films was calculated and the results are reported.

Exploring reaction pathways in the hydrothermal growth of phase-pure bismuth ferrites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goldman, Abby R.; Fredricks, Jeremy L.; Estroff, Lara A.

2017-06-01

Phase-pure bismuth ferrites (BiFeO3 and Bi2Fe4O9) are grown using hydrothermal synthesis. In addition to varying the KOH, bismuth, and iron salt concentrations to tune which crystalline phases are formed, we identified that a 48 h, pre-furnace, room temperature reaction is critical for the formation of phase-pure BiFeO3. To understand the reaction pathways leading to the different bismuth ferrite phases, we investigate the changes in composition of the intermediate products as a function of reagent concentrations and room temperature reaction times. During the syntheses that included a room temperature reaction, Bi25FeO40 is formed in the intermediate products, and BiFeO3 is the majority phase of the final products. The BiFeO3 crystals grown using this method are clusters of faceted subunits. These results indicate that forming Bi25FeO40 is a productive route to the formation of BiFeO3. Bi2Fe4O9 is formed via an alternate reaction pathway that proceeded via an amorphous precursor. This improved understanding of how hydrothermal synthesis can be used to control the phase-purity and morphology of bismuth ferrites opens doors to explore the multiferroic properties of BiFeO3 with complex morphologies.

Second-line bismuth-containing quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication and impact of diabetes

PubMed Central

Kim, Sung Eun; Park, Moo In; Park, Seun Ja; Moon, Won; Kim, Jae Hyun; Jung, Kyoungwon; Kim, Hae Koo; Lee, Young Dal

2017-01-01

AIM To investigate Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication rates using second-line bismuth-containing quadruple therapy and to identify predictors of eradication failure. METHODS This study included 636 patients who failed first-line triple therapy and received 7 d of bismuth-containing quadruple therapy between January 2005 and December 2015. We retrospectively demonstrated H. pylori eradication rates with respect to the year of therapy as well as demographic and clinical factors. H. pylori eradication was confirmed by a 13C-urea breath test or a rapid urease test at least 4 wk after the completion of bismuth-based quadruple therapy: proton pump inhibitor, metronidazole, bismuth, and tetracycline. RESULTS The overall eradication rates by intention-to-treat analysis and per-protocol analysis were 73.9% (95%CI: 70.1%-77.4%) and 94.5% (95%CI: 92.4%-96.5%), respectively. Annual eradication rates from 2005 to 2015 were 100.0%, 92.9%, 100.0%, 100.0%, 100.0%, 97.4%, 100.0%, 93.8%, 84.4%, 98.9%, and 92.5%, respectively, by per-protocol analysis. A multivariate analysis showed that diabetes mellitus (OR = 3.99, 95%CI: 1.56-10.20, P = 0.004) was associated with H. pylori eradication therapy failure. CONCLUSION The second-line bismuth-containing quadruple therapy for H. pylori infection is still effective in Korea, and diabetes mellitus is suggested to be a risk factor for eradication failure. PMID:28246480

Dual-modality, fluorescent, PLGA encapsulated bismuth nanoparticles for molecular and cellular fluorescence imaging and computed tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Swy, Eric R.; Schwartz-Duval, Aaron S.; Shuboni, Dorela D.; Latourette, Matthew T.; Mallet, Christiane L.; Parys, Maciej; Cormode, David P.; Shapiro, Erik M.

2014-10-01

Reports of molecular and cellular imaging using computed tomography (CT) are rapidly increasing. Many of these reports use gold nanoparticles. Bismuth has similar CT contrast properties to gold while being approximately 1000-fold less expensive. Herein we report the design, fabrication, characterization, and CT and fluorescence imaging properties of a novel, dual modality, fluorescent, polymer encapsulated bismuth nanoparticle construct for computed tomography and fluorescence imaging. We also report on cellular internalization and preliminary in vitro and in vivo toxicity effects of these constructs. 40 nm bismuth(0) nanocrystals were synthesized and encapsulated within 120 nm Poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles by oil-in-water emulsion methodologies. Coumarin-6 was co-encapsulated to impart fluorescence. High encapsulation efficiency was achieved ~70% bismuth w/w. Particles were shown to internalize within cells following incubation in culture. Bismuth nanocrystals and PLGA encapsulated bismuth nanoparticles exhibited >90% and >70% degradation, respectively, within 24 hours in acidic, lysosomal environment mimicking media and both remained nearly 100% stable in cytosolic/extracellular fluid mimicking media. μCT and clinical CT imaging was performed at multiple X-ray tube voltages to measure concentration dependent attenuation rates as well as to establish the ability to detect the nanoparticles in an ex vivo biological sample. Dual fluorescence and CT imaging is demonstrated as well. In vivo toxicity studies in rats revealed neither clinically apparent side effects nor major alterations in serum chemistry and hematology parameters. Calculations on minimal detection requirements for in vivo targeted imaging using these nanoparticles are presented. Indeed, our results indicate that these nanoparticles may serve as a platform for sensitive and specific targeted molecular CT and fluorescence imaging.Reports of molecular and cellular imaging using

"Chemical contraction" in rubidium-bismuth melts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khairulin, R. A.; Abdullaev, R. N.; Stankus, S. V.

2017-10-01

The density and thermal expansion of liquid rubidium and rubidium-bismuth alloy containing 25.0 at % Bi were measured by the gamma-ray attenuation technique at temperatures from liquidus to 1000 K. The results of this study were compared with the data obtained by other authors. The molar volume of the Rb75Bi25 melt strongly deviates from the additivity rule for ideal solutions.

Bismuth-embedded SBA-15 mesoporous silica for radioactive iodine capture and stable storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Jae Hwan; Cho, Yong-Jun; Shin, Jin Myeong; Yim, Man-Sung

2015-10-01

Efficient capture and stable storage of the long-lived iodine-129 (129I), released as off-gas from nuclear fuel reprocessing, have been of significant concern in the waste management field. In this study, bismuth-embedded SBA-15 mesoporous silica was firstly applied for iodine capture and storage. SBA-15 was functionalized with thiol (-SH) groups, followed by bismuth adsorption with Bi-S bonding, which was thermally treated to form Bi2S3 within SBA-15. The bismuth-embedded SBA-15s demonstrated high iodine loading capacities (up to 540 mg-I/g-sorbent), which benefitted from high surface area and porosity of SBA-15 as well as the formation of thermodynamically stable BiI3 compound. Iodine physisorption was effectively suppressed due to the large pores present in SBA-15, resulting in chemisorption as a main mechanism for iodine confinement. Furthermore, a chemically durable iodine-bearing material was made with a facile post-sorption process, during which the iodine-incorporated phase was changed from BiI3 to chemically durable Bi5O7I. Thus, our results showed that both efficient capture and stabilization of 129I would be possible with the bismuth-embedded SBA-15, in contrast to other sorbents mainly focused on iodine capture.

Facile Route to Rare Heterobimetallic Aluminum-Copper and Aluminum-Zinc Selenide Clusters.

PubMed

Li, Bin; Li, Jiancheng; Liu, Rui; Zhu, Hongping; Roesky, Herbert W

2017-03-20

Heterobimetallic aluminum-copper and aluminum-zinc clusters were prepared from the reaction of LAl(SeH) 2 [1; L = HC(CMeNAr) 2 and Ar = 2,6-iPr 2 C 6 H 3 ] with (MesCu) 4 and ZnEt 2 , respectively. The resulting clusters with the core structures of Al 2 Se 4 Cu 4 and Al 2 Se 4 Zn 3 exhibit unique metal-organic frameworks. This is a novel pathway for the synthesis of aluminum-copper and aluminum-zinc selenides. The products have been characterized by spectroscopic methods and single-crystal X-ray structural characterization.

Selenide isotope generator for the Galileo mission. Reliability program plan

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1978-10-01

The reliability program plan for the Selenide Isotope Generator (SIG) program is presented. It delineates the specific tasks that will be accomplished by Teledyne Energy Systems and its suppliers during design, development, fabrication and test of deliverable Radioisotopic Thermoelectric Generators (RTG), Electrical Heated Thermoelectric Generators (ETG) and associated Ground Support Equipment (GSE). The Plan is formulated in general accordance with procedures specified in DOE Reliability Engineering Program Requirements Publication No. SNS-2, dated June 17, 1974. The Reliability Program Plan presented herein defines the total reliability effort without further reference to Government Specifications. The reliability tasks to be accomplished are delineatedmore » herein and become the basis for contract compliance to the extent specified in the SIG contract Statement of Work.« less

Carbon-Supported Nickel Selenide Hollow Nanowires as Advanced Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Yang, Xuming; Zhang, Jiaolong; Wang, Zhenguang; Wang, Hongkang; Zhi, Chunyi; Yu, Denis Y W; Rogach, Andrey L

2018-02-01

Carbon-supported nickel selenide (Ni 0.85 Se/C) hollow nanowires are prepared from carbon-coated selenium nanowires via a self-templating hydrothermal method, by first dissolving selenium in the Se/C nanowires in hydrazine, allowing it to diffuse out of the carbon layer, and then reacting with nickel ions into Ni 0.85 Se nanoplates on the outer surface of the carbon. Ni 0.85 Se/C hollow nanowires are employed as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries, and their electrochemical performance is evaluated via the cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy combined with ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements. It is found that Ni 0.85 Se/C hollow nanowires exhibit greatly enhanced cycle stability and rate capability as compared to Ni 0.85 Se nanoparticles, with a reversible capacity around 390 mA h g -1 (the theoretical capacity is 416 mA h g -1 ) at the rate of 0.2 C and 97% capacity retention after 100 cycles. When the current rate is raised to 5 C, they still deliver capacity of 219 mA h g -1 . The synthetic methodology introduced here is general and can easily be applied to building similar structures for other metal selenides in the future. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Soluble Lead and Bismuth Chalcogenidometallates: Versatile Solders for Thermoelectric Materials

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Hao; Son, Jae Sung; Dolzhnikov, Dmitriy S.

Here we report the syntheses of largely unexplored lead and bismuth chalcogenidometallates in the solution phase. Using N2H4 as the solvent, new compounds such as K6Pb3Te6·7N2H4 were obtained. These soluble molecular compounds underwent cation exchange processes using resin chemistry, replacing Na+ or K+ by decomposable N2H5+ or tetraethylammonium cations. They also transformed into stoichiometric lead and bismuth chalcogenide nanomaterials with the addition of metal salts. Such a versatile chemistry led to a variety of composition-matched solders to join lead and bismuth chalcogenides and tune their charge transport properties at the grain boundaries. Solution-processed thin films composed of Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 microparticles solderedmore » by (N2H5)6Bi0.5Sb1.5Te6 exhibited thermoelectric power factors (~28 μW/cm K2) comparable to those in vacuum-deposited Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 films. The soldering effect can also be integrated with attractive fabrication techniques for thermoelectric modules, such as screen printing, suggesting the potential of these solders in the rational design of printable and moldable thermoelectrics.« less

Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of ranitidine and bismuth derived from two compound preparations

PubMed Central

Zhou, Quan; Ruan, Zou-Rong; Yuan, Hong; Jiang, Bo; Xu, Dong-Hang

2006-01-01

AIM: To evaluate the bioequivalence of ranitidine and bismuth derived from two compound preparations. METHODS: The bioavailability was measured in 20 healthy male Chinese volunteers following a single oral dose (equivalent to 200 mg of ranitidine and 220 mg of bismuth) of the test or reference products in the fasting state. Then blood samples were collected for 24 h. Plasma concentrations of ranitidine and bismuth were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. The non-compartmental method was used for pharmacokinetic analysis. Log-transformed Cmax, AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-infinity) were tested for bioequivalence using ANOVA and Schuirmann two-one sided t-test. Tmax was analyzed by Wilcoxon’s test. RESULTS: Various pharmacokinetic parameters of ranitidine derived from the two compound preparations, including Cmax, AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity), Tmax and T1/2, were nearly consistent with previous observations. These parameters derived from test and reference drug were as follows: Cmax (0.67 ± 0.21 vs 0.68 ± 0.22 mg/L), AUC(0-t) (3.1 ± 0.6 vs 3.0 ± 0.7 mg/L per hour), AUC(0-infinity) (3.3 ± 0.6 vs 3.2 ± 0.8 mg/L per hour), Tmax (2.3 ± 0.9 vs 2.1 ± 0.9 h) and T1/2 (2.8 ± 0.3 vs 3.1 ± 0.4 h). In addition, double-peak absorption profiles of ranitidine were found in some Chinese volunteers. For bismuth, those parameters derived from test and reference drug were as follows: Cmax (11.80 ± 7.36 vs 11.40 ± 6.55 μg/L), AUC(0-t) (46.65 ± 16.97 vs 47.03 ± 21.49 μg/L per hour), Tmax (0.50 ± 0.20 vs 0.50 ± 0.20 h) and T1/2 (10.2 ± 2.3 vs 13.0 ± 6.9 h). Ninety percent of confidence intervals for the test/reference ratio of Cmax, AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-infinity) derived from both ranitidine and bismuth were found within the bioequivalence acceptable range of 80%-125%. No significant difference was found in Tmax derived from both ranitidine and bismuth. CONCLUSION: The two compound preparations

Preparation of bismuth titanate/calcium alginate composite bead and its photocatalytic degradation of dye pollutants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gan, Huihui; Dong, Nanyang; Lu, Linxiao; Fu, Yan; Zhang, Huining; Qian, Yongxin; Zhang, Kefeng; Jin, Huixia

2017-08-01

In this study, the bismuth titanate/calcium alginate composite bead was synthesized by immobilizing bismuth titanate Bi4Ti3O12 particles into 1.5% sodium alginate (SA) matrix. The Bi4Ti3O12 particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photocatalytic activity for the degradation of dye Rhodamine B in solution by as-prepared bismuth titanate/calcium alginate composite bead was investigated. The as-prepared composite beads CA/BTO-700 exhibited best photocatalytic efficiency for the degradation of RhB compared with CA/BTO-800 and CA/BTO-900 under simulated solar light. After 4 cycles in photocatalytic degradation of RhB, the degradation rate of the CA/BTO-700 nearly remained unchanged.

Evaluation of the gamma radiation shielding parameters of bismuth modified quaternary glass system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaur, Parminder; Singh, K. J.; Thakur, Sonika

2018-05-01

Glasses modified with heavy metal oxides (HMO) are an interesting area of research in the field of gamma-ray shielding. Bismuth modified lithium-zinc-borate glasses have been studied whereby bismuth oxide is added from 0 to 50 mol%. The gamma ray shielding properties of the glasses were evaluated at photon energy 662 keV with the help of XMuDat computer program by using the Hubbell and Seltzer database. Various gamma ray shielding parameters such as attenuation coefficient, shield thickness in terms of half and tenth value layer, effective atomic number have been studied in this work. A useful comparison of this glass system has been made with standard radiation shielding concretes viz. ordinary, barite and iron concrete. The glass samples containing 20 to 50 mol% bismuth oxide have shown better gamma ray shielding properties and hence have the potential to become good radiation absorbers.

PROCESS USING BISMUTH PHOSPHATE AS A CARRIER PRECIPITATE FOR FISSION PRODUCTS AND PLUTONIUM VALUES

DOEpatents

Finzel, T.G.

1959-03-10

A process is described for separating plutonium from fission products carried therewith when plutonium in the reduced oxidation state is removed from a nitric acid solution of irradiated uranium by means of bismuth phosphate as a carrier precipitate. The bismuth phosphate carrier precipitate is dissolved by treatment with nitric acid and the plutonium therein is oxidized to the hexavalent oxidation state by means of potassium dichromate. Separation of the plutonium from the fission products is accomplished by again precipitating bismuth phosphate and removing the precipitate which now carries the fission products and a small percentage of the plutonium present. The amount of plutonium carried in this last step may be minimized by addition of sodium fluoride, so as to make the solution 0.03N in NaF, prior to the oxidation and prccipitation step.

Computational chemistry calculations of stability for bismuth nanotubes, fullerene-like structures and hydrogen-containing nanostructures.

PubMed

Kharissova, Oxana V; Osorio, Mario; Vázquez, Mario Sánchez; Kharisov, Boris I

2012-08-01

Using molecular mechanics (MM+), semi-empirical (PM6) and density functional theory (DFT) (B3LYP) methods we characterized bismuth nanotubes. In addition, we predicted the bismuth clusters {Bi(20)(C(5V)), Bi(24)(C(6v)), Bi(28)(C(1)), B(32)(D(3H)), Bi(60)(C(I))} and calculated their conductor properties.

Explanation of the conductivity minimum in tin- and tellurium-doped bismuth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roy, Arpita; Banerjee, Dipali; Bhattacharya, Ramendranarayan

1995-01-01

The presence of a minimum observed in the variation of conductivity of bismuth with impurity concentrations at a constant temperature (4.2 K) has remained unexplained for a long time. An attempt to explain this anomalous behavior is reported here. In order to do so, a calculation has been made to find the change in the number of free carriers in bismuth with the addition of impurities (donors or acceptors). The calculation has been made using simple parabolic bands. It is known that when tin or tellurium atoms are added as impurities to bismuth all of the atoms are ionized. It has been found here that the number of free carriers initially shows a slow rate of decrease (for donors) or a slow rate of increase (for acceptors) as the impurity concentration is increased, as long as the impurity concentration is small, i.e., as long as the shift of the Fermi level is small. For a higher impurity concentration the number of carriers increases at a rate equal to that of the impurity concentration. This finding, combined with the scattering by impurity ions, could explain the anomalous behavior satisfactorily.

Dual-modality, fluorescent, PLGA encapsulated bismuth nanoparticles for molecular and cellular fluorescence imaging and computed tomography.

PubMed

Swy, Eric R; Schwartz-Duval, Aaron S; Shuboni, Dorela D; Latourette, Matthew T; Mallet, Christiane L; Parys, Maciej; Cormode, David P; Shapiro, Erik M

2014-11-07

Reports of molecular and cellular imaging using computed tomography (CT) are rapidly increasing. Many of these reports use gold nanoparticles. Bismuth has similar CT contrast properties to gold while being approximately 1000-fold less expensive. Herein we report the design, fabrication, characterization, and CT and fluorescence imaging properties of a novel, dual modality, fluorescent, polymer encapsulated bismuth nanoparticle construct for computed tomography and fluorescence imaging. We also report on cellular internalization and preliminary in vitro and in vivo toxicity effects of these constructs. 40 nm bismuth(0) nanocrystals were synthesized and encapsulated within 120 nm Poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles by oil-in-water emulsion methodologies. Coumarin-6 was co-encapsulated to impart fluorescence. High encapsulation efficiency was achieved ∼70% bismuth w/w. Particles were shown to internalize within cells following incubation in culture. Bismuth nanocrystals and PLGA encapsulated bismuth nanoparticles exhibited >90% and >70% degradation, respectively, within 24 hours in acidic, lysosomal environment mimicking media and both remained nearly 100% stable in cytosolic/extracellular fluid mimicking media. μCT and clinical CT imaging was performed at multiple X-ray tube voltages to measure concentration dependent attenuation rates as well as to establish the ability to detect the nanoparticles in an ex vivo biological sample. Dual fluorescence and CT imaging is demonstrated as well. In vivo toxicity studies in rats revealed neither clinically apparent side effects nor major alterations in serum chemistry and hematology parameters. Calculations on minimal detection requirements for in vivo targeted imaging using these nanoparticles are presented. Indeed, our results indicate that these nanoparticles may serve as a platform for sensitive and specific targeted molecular CT and fluorescence imaging.

Evidence of β-antimonene at the Sb/Bi₂Se₃ interface.

PubMed

Flammini, Roberto; Colonna, Stefano; Hogan, Conor; Mahatha, Sanjoy; Papagno, Marco; Barla, Alessandro; Sheverdyaeva, Polina; Moras, Paolo; Aliev, Ziya; Babanly, M B; Chulkov, Evgueni V; Carbone, Carlo; Ronci, Fabio

2017-12-19

We report a study of the interface between antimony and the prototypical topological insulator Sb/Bi₂Se₃. Scanning tunnelling microscopy measurements show the presence of ordered domains displaying a perfect lattice match with bismuth selenide. Density functional theory calculations of the most stable atomic configurations demonstrate that the ordered domains can be attributed to stacks of β-antimonene. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Element Distribution in the Oxygen-Rich Side-Blow Bath Smelting of a Low-Grade Bismuth-Lead Concentrate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Tianzu; Xiao, Hui; Chen, Lin; Chen, Wei; Liu, Weifeng; Zhang, Duchao

2018-03-01

Oxygen-rich side-blow bath smelting (OSBS) technology offers an efficient method for processing complex bismuth-lead concentrates; however, the element distributions in the process remain unclear. This work determined the distributions of elements, i.e., bismuth, lead, silver, copper, arsenic and antimony, in an industrial-scale OSBS process. The feed, oxidized slag and final products were collected from the respective sampling points and analyzed. For the oxidative smelting process, 65% of bismuth and 76% of silver in the concentrate report to the metal alloy, whereas less lead reports to the metal ( 31%) than the oxidized slag ( 44%). Approximately 50% of copper enters the matte, while more than 63% of arsenic and antimony report to the slag. For the reductive smelting process, less than 4.5% of bismuth, lead, silver and copper in the oxidized slag enter the reduced slag, indicating high recoveries of these metal values.

Element Distribution in the Oxygen-Rich Side-Blow Bath Smelting of a Low-Grade Bismuth-Lead Concentrate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Tianzu; Xiao, Hui; Chen, Lin; Chen, Wei; Liu, Weifeng; Zhang, Duchao

2018-06-01

Oxygen-rich side-blow bath smelting (OSBS) technology offers an efficient method for processing complex bismuth-lead concentrates; however, the element distributions in the process remain unclear. This work determined the distributions of elements, i.e., bismuth, lead, silver, copper, arsenic and antimony, in an industrial-scale OSBS process. The feed, oxidized slag and final products were collected from the respective sampling points and analyzed. For the oxidative smelting process, 65% of bismuth and 76% of silver in the concentrate report to the metal alloy, whereas less lead reports to the metal ( 31%) than the oxidized slag ( 44%). Approximately 50% of copper enters the matte, while more than 63% of arsenic and antimony report to the slag. For the reductive smelting process, less than 4.5% of bismuth, lead, silver and copper in the oxidized slag enter the reduced slag, indicating high recoveries of these metal values.

Ranitidine bismuth citrate and ranitidine do not affect gastric emptying of a radio-labelled liquid meal.

PubMed Central

Parikh, R; Sweetland, J; Forster, E R; Bedding, A W; Farr, S J; Smith, J T

1994-01-01

Ranitidine bismuth citrate, a new chemical entity which is a salt complex of ranitidine and bismuth citrate, is being developed for the treatment of relapse of benign gastric and duodenal ulcer and eradication of Helicobacter pylori. The aim of the present study was to establish whether ranitidine bismuth citrate (800 mg) or ranitidine hydrochloride (300 mg) have any effect on gastric emptying of a liquid meal using gamma scintigraphy. On three separate occasions, each of twelve subjects received a single oral tablet of 800 mg ranitidine bismuth citrate, 300 mg ranitidine hydrochloride or placebo in random order. Thirty minutes after dosing each subject was given 375 ml of 99mTc-DTPA (diethylene triaminepentaacetic acid) labelled Clinifeed-ISO. The primary endpoint was the time to 50% gastric emptying (t50%). The proportion of the meal remaining was summarised by weighted mean proportion of the meal remaining in the stomach over 0-60 min and 0-180 min, separately. No differences were observed for t50%, weighted mean 0-60 min, and weighted mean 0-180 min between any two treatments. In man, we have detected no significant effect of single oral doses of ranitidine bismuth citrate 800 mg or ranitidine hydrochloride 300 mg on the rate of gastric emptying of a liquid meal when compared with placebo. PMID:7888296

How reliable are environmental data on 'orphan' elements? The case of bismuth concentrations in surface waters.

PubMed

Filella, Montserrat

2010-01-01

Like all elements of the periodic table, bismuth is ubiquitously distributed throughout the environment as a result of natural processes and human activities. It is present as Bi(III) in environmental, biological and geochemical samples. Although bismuth and its compounds are considered to be non-toxic to humans, its increasing use as a replacement for lead has highlighted how little is known about its environmental and ecotoxicological behaviour. In this first critical review paper on the existing information on bismuth occurrence in natural waters, 125 papers on fresh and marine waters have been collated. Although the initial objective of this study was to establish the range of the typical concentrations of total dissolved bismuth in natural waters, this proved impossible to achieve due to the wide, and hitherto unexplained, dispersion of published data. Since analytical limitations might be one of the reasons underlying value dispersion, new analytical methods published since 2000--intended to be applied to natural waters--have also been reviewed. Disappointingly, the detection limits of the bulk of them are well above those required; they are thus of limited usefulness. Analysis of the existing information on bismuth in secondary references (i.e., books, review chapters) and on its chemical speciation in seawater revealed that the uncritical reproduction of old data is a widespread practice.

In situ transmission electron microscopy of cadmium selenide nanorod sublimation

DOE PAGES

Hellebusch, Daniel J.; Manthiram, Karthish; Beberwyck, Brandon J.; ...

2015-01-23

In situ electron microscopy is used to observe the morphological evolution of cadmium selenide nanorods as they sublime under vacuum at a series of elevated temperatures. Mass loss occurs anisotropically along the nanorod’s long axis. At temperatures close to the sublimation threshold, the phase change occurs from both tips of the nanorods and proceeds unevenly with periods of rapid mass loss punctuated by periods of relative stability. At higher temperatures, the nanorods sublime at a faster, more uniform rate, but mass loss occurs from only a single end of the rod. Furthermore, we propose a mechanism that accounts for themore » observed sublimation behavior based on the terrace–ledge–kink (TLK) model and how the nanorod surface chemical environment influences the kinetic barrier of sublimation.« less

System Analysis for Decay Heat Removal in Lead-Bismuth Cooled Natural Circulated Reactors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Takaaki Sakai; Yasuhiro Enuma; Takashi Iwasaki

2002-07-01

Decay heat removal analyses for lead-bismuth cooled natural circulation reactors are described in this paper. A combined multi-dimensional plant dynamics code (MSG-COPD) has been developed to conduct the system analysis for the natural circulation reactors. For the preliminary study, transient analysis has been performed for a 100 MWe lead-bismuth-cooled reactor designed by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). In addition, decay heat removal characteristics of a 400 MWe lead-bismuth-cooled natural circulation reactor designed by Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute (JNC) has been evaluated by using MSG-COPD. PRACS (Primary Reactor Auxiliary Cooling System) is prepared for the JNC's concept to get sufficient heatmore » removal capacity. During 2000 sec after the transient, the outlet temperature shows increasing tendency up to the maximum temperature of 430 Centigrade, because the buoyancy force in a primary circulation path is temporary reduced. However, the natural circulation is recovered by the PRACS system and the out let temperature decreases successfully. (authors)« less

System Analysis for Decay Heat Removal in Lead-Bismuth-Cooled Natural-Circulation Reactors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sakai, Takaaki; Enuma, Yasuhiro; Iwasaki, Takashi

2004-03-15

Decay heat removal analyses for lead-bismuth-cooled natural-circulation reactors are described in this paper. A combined multidimensional plant dynamics code (MSG-COPD) has been developed to conduct the system analysis for the natural-circulation reactors. For the preliminary study, transient analysis has been performed for a 300-MW(thermal) lead-bismuth-cooled reactor designed by Argonne National Laboratory. In addition, decay heat removal characteristics of a 400-MW(electric) lead-bismuth-cooled natural-circulation reactor designed by the Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute (JNC) has been evaluated by using MSG-COPD. The primary reactor auxiliary cooling system (PRACS) is prepared for the JNC concept to get sufficient heat removal capacity. During 2000 smore » after the transient, the outlet temperature shows increasing tendency up to the maximum temperature of 430 deg. C because the buoyancy force in a primary circulation path is temporarily reduced. However, the natural circulation is recovered by the PRACS system, and the outlet temperature decreases successfully.« less

High Photon-to-Current Conversion in Solar Cells Based on Light-Absorbing Silver Bismuth Iodide.

PubMed

Zhu, Huimin; Pan, Mingao; Johansson, Malin B; Johansson, Erik M J

2017-06-22

Here, a lead-free silver bismuth iodide (AgI/BiI 3 ) with a crystal structure with space group R3‾ m is investigated for use in solar cells. Devices based on the silver bismuth iodide deposited from solution on top of TiO 2 and the conducting polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) as a hole-transport layer are prepared and the photovoltaic performance is very promising with a power conversion efficiency over 2 %, which is higher than the performance of previously reported bismuth-halide materials for solar cells. Photocurrent generation is observed between 350 and 700 nm, and the maximum external quantum efficiency is around 45 %. The results are compared to solar cells based on the previously reported material AgBi 2 I 7 , and we observe a clearly higher performance for the devices with the new silver and bismuth iodides composition and different crystal structure. The X-ray diffraction spectrum of the most efficient silver bismuth iodide material shows a hexagonal crystal structure with space group R3‾ m, and from the light absorption spectrum we obtain an indirect band gap energy of 1.62 eV and a direct band gap energy of 1.85 eV. This report shows the possibility for finding new structures of metal-halides efficient in solar cells and points out new directions for further exploration of lead-free metal-halide solar cells. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

Adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction and bismuth shielding for evaluation of dose reduction to the eye and image quality during head CT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Myeong Seong; Choi, Jiwon; Kim, Sun Young; Kweon, Dae Cheol

2014-03-01

There is a concern regarding the adverse effects of increasing radiation doses due to repeated computed tomography (CT) scans, especially in radiosensitive organs and portions thereof, such as the lenses of the eyes. Bismuth shielding with an adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) algorithm was recently introduced in our clinic as a method to reduce the absorbed radiation dose. This technique was applied to the lens of the eye during CT scans. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reduction in the absorbed radiation dose and to determine the noise level when using bismuth shielding and the ASIR algorithm with the GE DC 750 HD 64-channel CT scanner for CT of the head of a humanoid phantom. With the use of bismuth shielding, the noise level was higher in the beam-hardening artifact areas than in the revealed artifact areas. However, with the use of ASIR, the noise level was lower than that with the use of bismuth alone; it was also lower in the artifact areas. The reduction in the radiation dose with the use of bismuth was greatest at the surface of the phantom to a limited depth. In conclusion, it is possible to reduce the radiation level and slightly decrease the bismuth-induced noise level by using a combination of ASIR as an algorithm process and bismuth as an in-plane hardware-type shielding method.

Fast oxygen diffusion in bismuth oxide probed by quasielastic neutron scattering

DOE PAGES

Mamontov, Eugene

2016-09-24

In this paper, we present the first, to our knowledge, study of solid state oxygen translational diffusion by quasielastic neutron scattering. Such studies in the past might have been precluded by relatively low diffusivities of oxygen anions in the temperature range amenable to neutron scattering experiments. To explore the potential of the quasielastic scattering technique, which can deduce atomic diffusion jump length of oxygen anions through the momentum transfer dependence of the scattering signal, we have selected the fastest known oxygen conductor, bismuth oxide. Finally, we have found the oxygen anion jump length in excellent agreement with the nearest oxygen-vacancymore » distance in the anion sublattice of the fluorite-related structure of bismuth oxide.« less

Simultaneous phase and morphology controllable synthesis of copper selenide films by microwave-assisted nonaqueous approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Jing; Fa, Wenjun; Li, Yasi; Zhao, Hongxiao; Gao, Yuanhao; Zheng, Zhi

2013-02-01

Copper selenide films with different phase and morphology were synthesized on copper substrate through controlling reaction solvent by microwave-assisted nonaqueous approach. The films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The result showed that the pure films could be obtained using cyclohexyl alcohol or benzyl alcohol as solvent. The cubic Cu2-xSe dendrites were synthesized in cyclohexyl alcohol reaction system and hexagonal CuSe flaky crystals were obtained with benzyl alcohol as solvent.

Conduction mechanism in bismuth silicate glasses containing titanium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dult, Meenakshi; Kundu, R. S.; Murugavel, S.; Punia, R.; Kishore, N.

2014-11-01

Bismuth silicate glasses mixed with different concentrations of titanium dioxide having compositions xTiO2-(60-x)Bi2O3-40SiO2 with x=0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 were prepared by the normal melt quench technique. The frequency dependence of the ac electrical conductivity of different compositions of titanium bismuth silicate glasses has been studied in the frequency range 10-1 Hz to 10 MHz and in the temperature range 623-703 K. The temperature and frequency dependent conductivity is found to obey Jonscher's universal power law for all the compositions of titanium bismuth silicate glass system. The dc conductivity (σdc), so called crossover frequency (ωH), and frequency exponent (s) have been estimated from the fitting of experimental data of ac conductivity with Jonscher's universal power law. Enthalpy to dissociate the cation from its original site next to a charge compensating center (Hf) and enthalpy of migration (Hm) have also been estimated. The conductivity data have been analyzed in terms of different theoretical models to determine the possible conduction mechanism. Analysis of the conductivity data and the frequency exponent shows that the correlated barrier hopping of electrons between Ti3+ and Ti4+ ions in the glasses is the most favorable mechanism for ac conduction. The temperature dependent dc conductivity has been analyzed in the framework of theoretical variable range hopping model (VRH) proposed by Mott which describe the hopping conduction in disordered semiconducting systems. The various polaron hopping parameters have also been deduced. Mott's VRH model is found to be in good agreement with experimental data and the values of inverse localization length of s-like wave function (α) obtained by this model with modifications suggested by Punia et al. are close to the ones reported for a number of oxide glasses.

Tin Selenide (SnSe): Growth, Properties, and Applications

PubMed Central

Shi, Weiran; Gao, Minxuan; Wei, Jinping; Gao, Jianfeng; Fan, Chenwei; Ashalley, Eric; Wang, Zhiming

2018-01-01

Abstract The indirect bandgap semiconductor tin selenide (SnSe) has been a research hotspot in the thermoelectric fields since a ZT (figure of merit) value of 2.6 at 923 K in SnSe single crystals along the b‐axis is reported. SnSe has also been extensively studied in the photovoltaic (PV) application for its extraordinary advantages including excellent optoelectronic properties, absence of toxicity, cheap raw materials, and relative abundance. Moreover, the thermoelectric and optoelectronic properties of SnSe can be regulated by the structural transformation and appropriate doping. Here, the studies in SnSe research, from its evolution to till now, are reviewed. The growth, characterization, and recent developments in SnSe research are discussed. The most popular growth techniques that have been used to prepare SnSe materials are discussed in detail with their recent progress. Important phenomena in the growth of SnSe as well as the problems remaining for future study are discussed. The applications of SnSe in the PV fields, Li‐ion batteries, and other emerging fields are also discussed. PMID:29721411

Tin Selenide (SnSe): Growth, Properties, and Applications.

PubMed

Shi, Weiran; Gao, Minxuan; Wei, Jinping; Gao, Jianfeng; Fan, Chenwei; Ashalley, Eric; Li, Handong; Wang, Zhiming

2018-04-01

The indirect bandgap semiconductor tin selenide (SnSe) has been a research hotspot in the thermoelectric fields since a ZT (figure of merit) value of 2.6 at 923 K in SnSe single crystals along the b -axis is reported. SnSe has also been extensively studied in the photovoltaic (PV) application for its extraordinary advantages including excellent optoelectronic properties, absence of toxicity, cheap raw materials, and relative abundance. Moreover, the thermoelectric and optoelectronic properties of SnSe can be regulated by the structural transformation and appropriate doping. Here, the studies in SnSe research, from its evolution to till now, are reviewed. The growth, characterization, and recent developments in SnSe research are discussed. The most popular growth techniques that have been used to prepare SnSe materials are discussed in detail with their recent progress. Important phenomena in the growth of SnSe as well as the problems remaining for future study are discussed. The applications of SnSe in the PV fields, Li-ion batteries, and other emerging fields are also discussed.

Thermoelectric Micro-Refrigerator Based on Bismuth/Antimony Telluride

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dang, Linh Tuan; Dang, Tung Huu; Nguyen, Thao Thi Thu; Nguyen, Thuat Tran; Nguyen, Hue Minh; Nguyen, Tuyen Viet; Nguyen, Hung Quoc

2017-06-01

Thermoelectric micro-coolers based on bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) and antimony telluride (Sb2Te3) are important in many practical applications thanks to their compactness and fluid-free circulation. In this paper, we studied thermoelectric properties of bismuth/antimony telluride (Bi/SbTe) thin films prepared by the thermal co-evaporation method, which yielded among the best thermoelectric quality. Different co-evaporation conditions such as deposition flux ratio of materials and substrate temperature during deposition were investigated to optimize the thermoelectric figure␣of merit of these materials. Micron-size refrigerators were designed and fabricated using standard lithography and etching technique. A three-layer structure was introduced, including a p-type layer, an n-type layer and an aluminum layer. Next to the main cooler, a pair of smaller Bi/SbTe junctions was used as a thermocouple to directly measure electron temperature of the main device. Etching properties of the thermoelectric materials were investigated and optimized to support the fabrication process of the micro-refrigerator. We discuss our results and address possible applications.

Electrical Nanocontact Between Bismuth Nanowire Edges and Electrodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Murata, Masayuki; Nakamura, Daiki; Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Komine, Takashi; Uematsu, Daisuke; Nakamura, Shinichiro; Taguchi, Takashi

2010-09-01

Three methods for attaching electrodes to a bismuth nanowire sample were investigated. In the first and second methods, thin layers of titanium and copper were deposited by ion plating under vacuum onto the edge surface of individual bismuth nanowire samples that were encapsulated in a quartz template. Good electrical contact between the electrodes and the nanowire was achieved using silver epoxy and conventional solder on the thin-film layers in the first and second methods, respectively. In the third method, a low-melting-point solder was utilized and was also successful in achieving good electrical contact in air atmosphere. The connection methods showed no difference in terms of resistivity temperature dependence or Seebeck coefficient. The third method has an advantage in that nanocontact is easily achieved; however, diffusion of the solder into the nanowire allows contamination near the melting point of the solder. In the first and second methods, the thin-film layer enabled electrical contact to be more safely achieved than the direct contact used in the third method, because the thin-film layer prevented diffusion of binder components.

Bismuth interstitial impurities and the optical properties of GaP 1- x - yBi xN y

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Christian, Theresa M.; Beaton, Daniel A.; Perkins, John D.

Two distinctive regimes of behavior are observed from GaP 1-x-y Bi x N y alloys with x < 2.4%, y < 3.4% grown by molecular beam epitaxy. These regimes are correlated with abundant bismuth interstitial impurities that are encouraged or suppressed according to the sample growth temperature, with up to 55% of incorporated bismuth located interstitially. When bismuth interstitials are present, radiative recombination arises at near-band-edge localized states rather than from impurity bands and deep state luminescence. Finally, this change demonstrates a novel strategy for controlling luminescence in isoelectronic semiconductor alloys and is attributed to a disruption of carrier transfermore » processes.« less

Bismuth interstitial impurities and the optical properties of GaP 1- x - yBi xN y

DOE PAGES

Christian, Theresa M.; Beaton, Daniel A.; Perkins, John D.; ...

2017-10-10

Two distinctive regimes of behavior are observed from GaP 1-x-y Bi x N y alloys with x < 2.4%, y < 3.4% grown by molecular beam epitaxy. These regimes are correlated with abundant bismuth interstitial impurities that are encouraged or suppressed according to the sample growth temperature, with up to 55% of incorporated bismuth located interstitially. When bismuth interstitials are present, radiative recombination arises at near-band-edge localized states rather than from impurity bands and deep state luminescence. Finally, this change demonstrates a novel strategy for controlling luminescence in isoelectronic semiconductor alloys and is attributed to a disruption of carrier transfermore » processes.« less

Standard triple, bismuth pectin quadruple and sequential therapies for Helicobacter pylori eradication

PubMed Central

Gao, Xiao-Zhong; Qiao, Xiu-Li; Song, Wen-Chong; Wang, Xiao-Feng; Liu, Feng

2010-01-01

AIM: To compare the effectiveness of standard triple, bismuth pectin quadruple and sequential therapies for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication in a randomized, double-blinded, comparative clinical trial in China. METHODS: A total of 215 H. pylori-positive patients were enrolled in the study and randomly allocated into three groups: group A (n = 72) received a 10-d bismuth pectin quadruple therapy (20 mg rabeprazole bid, 1000 mg amoxicillin bid, 100 mg bismuth pectin qid, and 500 mg levofloxacin qd); group B (n = 72) received the sequential therapy (20 mg omeprazole bid, 1000 mg amoxicillin bid, in 5 d, followed by 20 mg omeprazole bid, 500 mg tinidazole bid, 500 mg clarithromycin bid, for another 5 d); group C (n = 71) received a standard 1-wk triple therapy (20 mg omeprazole bid, 1000 mg amoxicillin bid, 500 mg clarithromycin bid). After all these treatments, 20 mg omeprazole bid was administrated for 3 wk. H. pylori status was assessed by histology, 13C-urea breath test and rapid urease test at baseline and 4-6 wk after completion of treatment. Ulcer cicatrization was assessed by gastroscopy. χ2 test (P < 0.05) was used to compare the eradication rates and ulcer cicatrisation rates among the three groups. RESULTS: The eradication rate was 83.33% (60/72) in group A, 88.89% (64/72) in group B, and 80.56% (58/71) in group C. The ulcer cicatrisation rate was 86.44% (51/59) in group A, 90.16% (55/61) in group B, and 84.91% (45/53) in group C. The sequential therapy yielded a higher eradication rate and ulcer cicatrisation rate than the standard triple and bismuth pectin quadruple therapies. Statistically, the eradication rate of group B was significantly different from groups A and C (P < 0.05), but the difference of ulcer cicatrisation rate and side effects was not statistically significant among the three groups (P > 0.05). The three protocols were generally well tolerated. CONCLUSION: The sequential therapy has achieved a significantly higher eradication

Li3PO4 Matrix Enables a Long Cycle Life and High Energy Efficiency Bismuth-Based Battery.

PubMed

Sun, Chuan-Fu; Hu, Junkai; Wang, Peng; Cheng, Xi-Yuan; Lee, Sang Bok; Wang, YuHuang

2016-09-14

Bismuth is a lithium-ion battery anode material that can operate at an equilibrium potential higher than graphite and provide a capacity twice as high as that of Li4Ti5O12, making it intrinsically free from lithium plating that may cause catastrophic battery failure. However, the potential of bismuth is hampered by its inferior cyclability (limited to tens of cycles). Here, we propose an "ion conductive solid-state matrix" approach to address this issue. By homogeneously confining bismuth nanoparticles in a solid-state γ-Li3PO4 matrix that is electrochemically formed in situ, the resulting composite anode exhibits a reversible capacity of 280 mA hours per gram (mA h/g) at a rate of 100 mA/g and a record cyclability among bismuth-based anodes up to 500 cycles with a capacity decay rate of merely 0.071% per cycle. We further show that full-cell batteries fabricated from this composite anode and commercial LiFePO4 cathode deliver a stable cell voltage of ∼2.5 V and remarkable energy efficiency up to 86.3%, on par with practical batteries (80-90%). This work paves a way for harnessing bismuth-based battery chemistry for the design of high capacity, safer lithium-ion batteries to meet demanding applications such as electric vehicles.

Liquid-like cationic sub-lattice in copper selenide clusters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

White, Sarah L.; Banerjee, Progna; Jain, Prashant K.

2017-02-01

Super-ionic solids, which exhibit ion mobilities as high as those in liquids or molten salts, have been employed as solid-state electrolytes in batteries, improved thermoelectrics and fast-ion conductors in super-capacitors and fuel cells. Fast-ion transport in many of these solids is supported by a disordered, `liquid-like' sub-lattice of cations mobile within a rigid anionic sub-lattice, often achieved at high temperatures or pressures via a phase transition. Here we show that ultrasmall clusters of copper selenide exhibit a disordered cationic sub-lattice under ambient conditions unlike larger nanocrystals, where Cu+ ions and vacancies form an ordered super-structure similar to the bulk solid. The clusters exhibit an unusual cationic sub-lattice arrangement wherein octahedral sites, which serve as bridges for cation migration, are stabilized by compressive strain. The room-temperature liquid-like nature of the Cu+ sub-lattice combined with the actively tunable plasmonic properties of the Cu2Se clusters make them suitable as fast electro-optic switches.

Use of a Soluble Anode in Electrodeposition of Thick Bismuth Telluride Layers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maas, M.; Diliberto, S.; de Vaulx, C.; Azzouz, K.; Boulanger, C.

2014-10-01

Integration of thermoelectric devices within an automotive heat exchanger could enable conversion of lost heat into electrical energy, contributing to improved total output from the engine. For this purpose, synthesis of thick bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) films is required. Bismuth telluride has been produced by an electrochemical method in nitric acid with a sacrificial bismuth telluride anode as the source of cations. The binary layer grows on the working electrode while the counter-electrode, a Bi2Te3 disk obtained by high frequency melting, is oxidized to BiIII and TeIV. This process leads to auto-regeneration of the solution without modification of its composition. The thickness of films deposited by use of the Bi2Te3 anode was approximately 10 times that without. To demonstrate the utility of a soluble anode in electrochemical deposition, we report characterization of the composition and morphology of the films obtained under different experimental conditions. Perfectly dense and regular Bi2Te3 films (˜400 μm) with low internal stress and uniform composition across the cross-section were prepared. Their thermoelectric properties were assessed.

Glass composite waste forms for iodine confined in bismuth-embedded SBA-15

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Jae Hwan; Park, Hwan Seo; Ahn, Do-Hee; Yim, Man-Sung

2016-11-01

The aim of this study was to stabilize bismuth-embedded SBA-15 that captured iodine gas by fabrication of monolithic waste forms. The iodine containing waste was mixed with Bi2O3 (a stabilizing additive) and low-temperature sintering glass followed by pelletizing and the sintering process to produce glass composite materials. Iodine volatility during the sintering process was significantly affected by the ratio of Bi2O3 and the glass composition. It was confirmed that BiI3, the main iodine phase within bismuth-embedded SBA-15, was effectively transformed to the mixed phases of Bi5O7I and BiOI. The initial leaching rates of iodine from the glass composite waste forms ranged 10-3-10-2 g/m2 day, showing the stability of the iodine phases encapsulated by the glassy networks. It was also observed that common groundwater anions (e.g., chloride, carbonate, sulfite, and fluoride) elevated the iodine leaching rate by anion exchange reactions. The present results suggest that the glass composite waste form of bismuth-embedded SBA-15 could be a candidate material for stable storage of 129I.

Effect of absorption recovery in bismuth-doped silica glass at 1450 nm on soliton grouping in fiber laser

PubMed Central

Gumenyuk, R.; Melkumov, M. A.; Khopin, V. F.; Dianov, E. M.; Okhotnikov, O. G.

2014-01-01

Saturable absorption in bismuth-doped glasses was found to have a noticeable influence on soliton interaction and group formation. This phenomenon, observed in 1450 nm mode-locked bismuth-doped fiber laser, shows the distinct feature of the multiple pulse regime, which appears as a stationary pulse group whose length can be spread over the whole cavity length by variation of the pump power and polarization. Pulse positioning within the ensemble depends on the saturation fluence and the relatively fast recovery dynamics of bismuth fiber. PMID:25391808

Analysis of the color alteration and radiopacity promoted by bismuth oxide in calcium silicate cement.

PubMed

Marciano, Marina Angélica; Estrela, Carlos; Mondelli, Rafael Francisco Lia; Ordinola-Zapata, Ronald; Duarte, Marco Antonio Hungaro

2013-01-01

The aim of the study was to determine if the increase in radiopacity provided by bismuth oxide is related to the color alteration of calcium silicate-based cement. Calcium silicate cement (CSC) was mixed with 0%, 15%, 20%, 30% and 50% of bismuth oxide (BO), determined by weight. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was the control group. The radiopacity test was performed according to ISO 6876/2001. The color was evaluated using the CIE system. The assessments were performed after 24 hours, 7 and 30 days of setting time, using a spectrophotometer to obtain the ΔE, Δa, Δb and ΔL values. The statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn and ANOVA/Tukey tests (p<0.05). The cements in which bismuth oxide was added showed radiopacity corresponding to the ISO recommendations (>3 mm equivalent of Al). The MTA group was statistically similar to the CSC/30% BO group (p>0.05). In regard to color, the increase of bismuth oxide resulted in a decrease in the ΔE value of the calcium silicate cement. The CSC group presented statistically higher ΔE values than the CSC/50% BO group (p<0.05). The comparison between 24 hours and 7 days showed higher ΔE for the MTA group, with statistical differences for the CSC/15% BO and CSC/50% BO groups (p<0.05). After 30 days, CSC showed statistically higher ΔE values than CSC/30% BO and CSC/50% BO (p<0.05). In conclusion, the increase in radiopacity provided by bismuth oxide has no relation to the color alteration of calcium silicate-based cements.

Dismantling and chemical characterization of spent Peltier thermoelectric devices for antimony, bismuth and tellurium recovery.

PubMed

Balva, Maxime; Legeai, Sophie; Garoux, Laetitia; Leclerc, Nathalie; Meux, Eric

2017-04-01

Major uses of thermoelectricity concern refrigeration purposes, using Peltier devices, mainly composed of antimony, bismuth and tellurium. Antimony was identified as a critical raw material by EU and resources of bismuth and tellurium are not inexhaustible, so it is necessary to imagine the recycling of thermoelectric devices. That for, a complete characterization is needed, which is the aim of this work. Peltier devices were manually dismantled in three parts: the thermoelectric legs, the alumina plates on which remain the electrical contacts and the silicone paste used to connect the plates. The characterization was performed using five Peltier devices. It includes mass balances of the components, X-ray diffraction analysis of the thermoelectric legs and elemental analysis of each part of the device. It appears that alumina represents 45% of a Peltier device in weight. The electrical contacts are mainly composed of copper and tin, and the thermoelectric legs of bismuth, tellurium and antimony. Thermoelectric legs appear to be Se-doped Bi 2 Te 3 and (Bi 0,5 Sb 1,5 )Te 3 for n type and p type semiconductors, respectively. This work shows that Peltier devices can be considered as a copper ore and that thermoelectric legs contain high amounts of bismuth, tellurium and antimony compared to their traditional resources.

Fabrication and modeling of bismuth titanate-PZT ceramic transducers for high temperature applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reinhardt, B.; Searfass, C.; Cyphers, R.; Sinding, K.; Pheil, C.; Tittmann, B.

2013-01-01

Utilization of a spray-on deposition technique of ferroelectric bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12) composites has a competitive advantage to standard ultrasonic transducers. These can conform to curved surfaces, can operate at high temperature (Curie-Weiss temperature 685 °C) and are mechanically well-coupled to a substrate. However, an issue with many high temperature transducers such as bismuth titanate ceramics is that they have relatively low transduction efficiency, i.e. d33 is about 12-14 pC/F in Bi4Ti3O12 versus 650 pC/F in PZT-5H. It is a common conception that high-temperature capability comes at the cost of electro-mechanical coupling. It will be shown that the high temperature capability of bismuth-titanate-PZT composite transducers using the spray-on deposition technique previously developed, improves the electro-mechanical coupling while maintaining the high temperature performance and mechanical coupling. This material could provide advantages in harsh environments where high signal-to-noise ratios are needed.

Electronic transport in bismuth selenide in the topological insulator regime

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Dohun

The 3D topological insulators (TIs) have an insulating bulk but spin-momentum coupled metallic surface states stemming from band inversion due to strong spin-orbit interaction, whose existence is guaranteed by the topology of the band structure of the insulator. While the STI surface state has been studied spectroscopically by e.g. photoemission and scanned probes, transport experiments have failed to demonstrate clear signature of the STI due to high level of bulk conduction. In this thesis, I present experimental results on the transport properties of TI material Bi2Se3 in the absence of bulk conduction (TI regime), achieved by applying novel p-type doping methods. Field effect transistors consisting of thin (thickness: 5-17 nm) Bi2Se3 are fabricated by mechanical exfoliation of single crystals, and a combination of conventional dielectric (300 nm thick SiO2) and electrochemical or chemical gating methods are used to move the Fermi energy through the surface Dirac point inside bulk band gap, revealing the ambipolar gapless nature of transport in the Bi2Se3 surface states. The minimum conductivity of the topological surface state is understood within the self-consistent theory of Dirac electrons in the presence of charged impurities. The intrinsic finite-temperature resistivity of the topological surface state due to electron-acoustic phonon scattering is measured to be 60 times larger than that of graphene largely due to the smaller Fermi and sound velocities in Bi2Se 3, which will have implications for topological electronic devices operating at room temperature. Along with semi-classical Boltzmann transport, I also discuss 2D weak anti-localization (WAL) behavior of the topological surface states. By investigating gate-tuned WAL behavior in thin (5-17 nm) TI films, I show that WAL in the TI regime is extraordinarily sensitive to the hybridization induced quantum mechanical tunneling between top and bottom topological surfaces, and interplay of phase coherence time and inter-surface tunneling time results in a crossover from two decoupled (top and bottom) symplectic 2D metal surfaces to a coherently coupled single channel. Furthermore, a complete suppression of WAL is observed in the 5 nm thick Bi2Se 3 film which was found to occur when the hybridization gap becomes comparable to the disorder strength.

Fluorescence imaging technology (FI) for high-throughput screening of selenide-modified nano-TiO2 catalysts.

PubMed

Wang, Liping; Lee, Jianchao; Zhang, Meijuan; Duan, Qiannan; Zhang, Jiarui; Qi, Hailang

2016-02-18

A high-throughput screening (HTS) method based on fluorescence imaging (FI) was implemented to evaluate the catalytic performance of selenide-modified nano-TiO2. Chemical ink-jet printing (IJP) technology was reformed to fabricate a catalyst library comprising 1405 (Ni(a)Cu(b)Cd(c)Ce(d)In(e)Y(f))Se(x)/TiO2 (M6Se/Ti) composite photocatalysts. Nineteen M6Se/Tis were screened out from the 1405 candidates efficiently.

Formation and possible growth mechanism of bismuth nanowires on various substrates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Volkov, V. T.; Kasumov, A. Yu.; Kasumov, Yu. A.; Khodos, I. I.

2017-08-01

In this work, we report results of a study of bismuth nanowires growth on various substrates, including Fe, Ni, Co, W, Pt, Au thin films on oxidized Si, Si (111), oxidized Si (100), and fused quartz. The nanowires (NW) were prepared by RF diode sputtering of Bi onto a substrate heated to about 200 °C. The structure of the wires was studied by a scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The NWs are monocrystalline up to a length of several micrometers and possess a very thin (less than 2 nm) oxide layer. A major influence of the substrate type on the quantity and the length of the obtained nanowires is observed. Based on the above studies, we propose a possible mechanism of a bismuth nanowire growth.

Modulation of magnetic interaction in Bismuth ferrite through strain and spin cycloid engineering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yadav, Rama Shanker; Reshi, Hilal Ahmad; Pillai, Shreeja; Rana, D. S.; Shelke, Vilas

2016-12-01

Bismuth ferrite, a widely studied room temperature multiferroic, provides new horizons of multifunctional behavior in phase transited bulk and thin film forms. Bismuth ferrite thin films were deposited on lattice mismatched LaAlO3 substrate using pulsed laser deposition technique. X-ray diffraction confirmed nearly tetragonal (T-type) phase of thin film involving role of substrate induced strain. The film thickness of 56 nm was determined by X-ray reflectivity measurement. The perfect coherence and epitaxial nature of T- type film was observed through reciprocal space mapping. The room temperature Raman measurement of T-type bismuth ferrite thin film also verified phase transition with appearance of only few modes. In parallel, concomitant La and Al substituted Bi1-xLaxFe0.95Al0.05O3 (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) bulk samples were synthesized using solid state reaction method. A structural phase transition into orthorhombic (Pnma) phase at x = 0.3 was observed. The structural distortion at x = 0.1, 0.2 and phase transition at x = 0.3 substituted samples were also confirmed by changes in Raman active modes. The remnant magnetization moment of 0.199 emu/gm and 0.28 emu/gm were observed for x = 0.2 and 0.3 bulk sample respectively. The T-type bismuth ferrite thin film also showed high remnant magnetization of around 20emu/cc. The parallelism in magnetic behavior between T-type thin film and concomitant La and Al substituted bulk samples is indication of modulation, frustration and break in continuity of spiral spin cycloid.

Assessment of color stability of white mineral trioxide aggregate angelus and bismuth oxide in contact with tooth structure.

PubMed

Marciano, Marina Angélica; Costa, Reginaldo Mendonça; Camilleri, Josette; Mondelli, Rafael Francisco Lia; Guimarães, Bruno Martini; Duarte, Marco Antonio Hungaro

2014-08-01

Dental discoloration with use of materials containing bismuth oxide has been reported. It is postulated that the discoloration is a result of chemical interaction of bismuth oxide with dentin. The aim of the study was to analyze dental color alteration and the chemical interaction of bismuth oxide with the main components present in composite (methacrylate) and in dentin (collagen). Fifty bovine teeth were prepared and filled with white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Angelus, Portland cement (PC) with 20% zirconium oxide, or PC with 20% calcium tungstate and then sealed with composite. Triple antibiotic paste and unfilled samples were the positive and negative controls, respectively. The specimens were stored in separate flasks immersed in tap water at 37°C with ambient light blocked out. The color assessment was performed with a spectrophotometer at different intervals, namely before filling and 24 hours, 15 days, and 30 days after filling. The color change and the luminosity were calculated. The statistical analysis was performed by using nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (P < .05). The interaction of the bismuth oxide, zirconium oxide, and calcium tungstate with collagen and methacrylate was assessed by placing the materials in contact, followed by color assessment. The analysis of color change values showed that all the materials presented color alteration after the evaluated periods. Statistically higher luminosity was verified for PC/20% zirconium oxide in comparison with white MTA Angelus (P < .05). The teeth filled with white MTA Angelus demonstrated a grayish discoloration with evident dentin staining. Bismuth oxide exhibited a color change when in contact with collagen. The color of white MTA Angelus was altered in contact with dental structures. Collagen, which is present in dentin matrix, reacted with bismuth oxide, resulting in a grayish discoloration. The use of an alternative radiopacifier to replace bismuth in white MTA is indicated

Inadvertent exaggerated anticoagulation following use of bismuth subsalicylate in an enterally fed patient receiving warfarin therapy.

PubMed

Bingham, Angela L; Brown, Rex O; Dickerson, Roland N

2013-12-01

We report a case of an inadvertent increase in the international normalized ratio (INR) after the addition of bismuth subsalicylate for the treatment of diarrhea in an enterally fed patient receiving warfarin therapy. A 56-year-old Caucasian female presented to the trauma intensive care unit (ICU) with multiple lower extremity fractures. Warfarin was initiated for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis due to the patient's inability to ambulate. The target INR was 2-3. Continuous intragastric enteral feeding was withheld 1 hour before and 1 hour after intragastric administration of warfarin. Bismuth subsalicylate 30 mL every 4 hours was prescribed for diarrhea. Within 3 days after starting bismuth subsalicylate therapy, the patient's INR increased from 2.56 to 3.54 and minor bleeding was noted from the patient's tracheostomy site. No significant change in warfarin dosage, variability in vitamin K intake, or medications that potentially alter warfarin metabolism were present during the unexpected rise in INR. When the bismuth subsalicylate was discontinued, the patient's INR stabilized into the target range on the same warfarin dose given at the time of the supratherapeutic INR. Salicylate displaces warfarin from plasma protein binding sites and may result in a significant increase in INR secondary to redistribution of warfarin to the free active form. Evaluation of this case report using the Drug Interaction Probability Scale and Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale yielded scores consistent with a probable adverse drug interaction. Bismuth subsalicylate exaggerates warfarin's anticoagulant response and its concurrent use during warfarin therapy should be avoided.

Tin sulfides and tin selenides at ambient and high pressure conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nguyen Cong, Kien; Gonzalez, Joseph; Steele, Brad; Oleynik, Ivan

The application of high pressure promotes unusual chemical bonding in condensed phase resulting in the synthesis of novel materials, which may be recoverable in metastable states at ambient conditions. First-principles evolutionary crystal structure search is performed to explore novel tin sulfide (SnxSy) and tin selenide (SnxSy) crystals with the goal to discover novel photovoltaic and thermoelectric materials. Variable stoichiometry searches at various pressures are performed and the phase diagrams are constructed in the range of pressures 0-100 GPa, which include both the thermodynamically stable and lowest enthalpy metastable structures. Several new structures are identified and their dynamical stability is investigated. To help experimental synthesis of these novel compounds, Raman spectra and XRD patterns are also calculated. These new materials are also investigated to identify those with promising photovoltaic and thermoelectric properties.

Study of the bismuth oxide concentration required to provide Portland cement with adequate radiopacity for endodontic use.

PubMed

Bueno, Carlos Eduardo da Silveira; Zeferino, Eduardo Gregatto; Manhães, Luiz Roberto Coutinho; Rocha, Daniel Guimarães Pedro; Cunha, Rodrigo Sanches; De Martin, Alexandre Sigrist

2009-01-01

The purpose of this study was to determine the ideal concentration of bismuth oxide in white Portland cement to provide it with sufficient radiopacity for use as an endodontic material (ADA specification #57). 2-mm thick standardized test specimens of white MTA and of white Portland cement, as controls, and of white Portland cement with the experimental addition of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or 30% of bismuth oxide were radiographed and compared with various thicknesses of pure aluminum, using optic density to determine the observed grayscale levels of radiopacity in a scale ranging from 0 to 255. The data was submitted to ANOVA (p<0.05) and the Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welch and Quiot test (REGWQ) for multiple comparison of the means. White Portland cement with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% of bismuth oxide presented mean readings of 63.3, 95.7, 110.7, 142.7, 151.3, 161.0 and 180.0 respectively. MTA presented a mean reading of 157.3. The readings of MTA and white Portland cement with 15% bismuth oxide did not differ significantly from the reading observed for a thickness of 4 mm of aluminum (145.3), which is considered ideal for a test specimen by ADA specification #57 (2 mm above the thickness of the test specimen). White MTA and white Portland cement with 15% bismuth oxide presented the radiopacity required for an endodontic cement.

Controllable synthesis of metal selenide heterostructures mediated by Ag2Se nanocrystals acting as catalysts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Jiangcong; Huang, Feng; Xu, Ju; Wang, Yuansheng

2013-09-01

Ag2Se nanocrystals were demonstrated to be novel semiconductor mediators, or in other word catalysts, for the growth of semiconductor heterostructures in solution. This is a result of the unique feature of Ag2Se as a fast ion conductor, allowing foreign cations to dissolve and then to heterogrow the second phase. Using Ag2Se nanocrystals as catalysts, dimeric metal selenide heterostructures such as Ag2Se-CdSe and Ag2Se-ZnSe, and even multi-segment heterostructures such as Ag2Se-CdSe-ZnSe and Ag2Se-ZnSe-CdSe, were successfully synthesized. Several interesting features were found in the Ag2Se based heterogrowth. At the initial stage of heterogrowth, a layer of the second phase forms on the surface of an Ag2Se nanosphere, with a curved junction interface between the two phases. With further growth of the second phase, the Ag2Se nanosphere tends to flatten the junction surface by modifying its shape from sphere to hemisphere in order to minimize the conjunct area and thus the interfacial energy. Notably, the crystallographic relationship of the two phases in the heterostructure varies with the lattice parameters of the second phase, in order to reduce the lattice mismatch at the interface. Furthermore, a small lattice mismatch at the interface results in a straight rod-like second phase, while a large lattice mismatch would induce a tortuous product. The reported results may provide a new route for developing novel selenide semiconductor heterostructures which are potentially applicable in optoelectronic, biomedical, photovoltaic and catalytic fields.Ag2Se nanocrystals were demonstrated to be novel semiconductor mediators, or in other word catalysts, for the growth of semiconductor heterostructures in solution. This is a result of the unique feature of Ag2Se as a fast ion conductor, allowing foreign cations to dissolve and then to heterogrow the second phase. Using Ag2Se nanocrystals as catalysts, dimeric metal selenide heterostructures such as Ag2Se-CdSe and Ag2Se

The efficacy of ranitidine bismuth citrate, amoxicillin and doxycycline or tetracycline regimens as a first line treatment for Helicobacter pylori eradication.

PubMed

Akyildiz, Murat; Akay, Sinan; Musoglu, Ahmet; Tuncyurek, Muge; Aydin, Ahmet

2009-01-01

The eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) clearly decreased with standard PPI-based triple therapies. To assess the efficacy of two different triple therapies consisting of ranitidine bismuth citrate-amoxicillin-doxycycline and ranitidine bismuth citrate-amoxicillin-tetracycline combinations as a first line treatment option. One hundred and fifteen consecutive dyspeptic patients in whom H. pylori infection was diagnosed for the first time were enrolled in this study. The patients were randomized into two groups. Group 1 (n=57) was assigned to receive a 14-day triple therapy consisting of ranitidine bismuth citrate 400 mg (b.i.d.), amoxicillin 1 g (b.i.d) and doxycycline 100 mg (b.i.d.). Group 2 (n=58) was assigned to receive a 14-day triple therapy consisting of ranitidine bismuth citrate 400 mg (b.i.d.), amoxicillin 1 g (b.i.d.) and tetracycline 500 mg (q.i.d.). The eradication was achieved in 45.7% (21/46) and 40.8% (20/49) of the patients in group 1 and group 2, according to per protocol analysis. The intention-to-treat eradication rates were 36.8% (21/57) and 34.5% (20/58) in group 1 and group 2, respectively. Two-week therapy with neither ranitidine bismuth citrate-amoxicillin-doxycycline nor ranitidine bismuth citrate-amoxicillin-tetracycline is adequately effective for H. pylori eradication as a first line therapy.

Interferences in electrochemical hydride generation of hydrogen selenide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bolea, E.; Laborda, F.; Belarra, M. A.; Castillo, J. R.

2001-12-01

Interferences from Cu(II), Zn(II), Pt(IV), As(III) and nitrate on electrochemical hydride generation of hydrogen selenide were studied using a tubular flow-through generator, flow injection sample introduction and quartz tube atomic absorption spectrometry. Comparison with conventional chemical generation using tetrahydroborate was also performed. Lead and reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC), both in particulate form, were used as cathode materials. Signal supressions up to 60-75%, depending on the cathode material, were obtained in the presence of up to 200 mg l-1 of nitrate due to the competitive reduction of the anion. Interference from As(III) was similar in electrochemical and chemical generation, being related to the quartz tube atomization process. Zinc did not interfere up to Se/Zn ratios 1:100, whereas copper and platinum showed suppression levels up to 50% for Se/interferent ratios 1:100. Total signal suppression was observed in presence of Se/Cu ratios 1:100 when RVC cathodes were used. No memory effects were observed in any case. Scanning electron microscopy and squared wave voltametry studies supported the interference mechanism based on the decomposition of the hydride on the dispersed particles of the reduced metal.

Growth-induced anisotropy in bismuth - Rare-earth iron garnets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fratello, V. J.; Slusky, S. E. G.; Brandle, C. D.; Norelli, M. P.

1986-01-01

The bismuth-doped rare-earth iron garnets, (R3-x-yBixPby)Fe5O12 (Bi:RIG, R = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and Y), were prepared under constant growth conditions to investigate the influence of ionic species on the bismuth-based growth-induced uniaxial anisotropy K(u) exp g. The effect of ionic species on growth-induced anisotropy in Bi:RIG was not consistent with the ionic size model of site ordering. In particular, Bi:SmIG, Bi:EuIG, and Bi:TbIG displayed high growth-induced anisotropies, up to 331,000 erg/cu cm at room temperature for x of about 0.5. The temperature dependence of these K(u) exp gs was somewhat higher than that of the well studied Bi:YIG. The site ordering of Bi can be modeled by assuming that small, low-oxygen-coordination BiOw exp +3-2 w melt complexes have a strong site selectivity for small, high-oxygen coordination sites at the growth interface.

Bismuth Infusion of ABS Enables Additive Manufacturing of Complex Radiological Phantoms and Shielding Equipment.

PubMed

Ceh, Justin; Youd, Tom; Mastrovich, Zach; Peterson, Cody; Khan, Sarah; Sasser, Todd A; Sander, Ian M; Doney, Justin; Turner, Clark; Leevy, W Matthew

2017-02-24

Radiopacity is a critical property of materials that are used for a range of radiological applications, including the development of phantom devices that emulate the radiodensity of native tissues and the production of protective equipment for personnel handling radioactive materials. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a fabrication platform that is well suited to creating complex anatomical replicas or custom labware to accomplish these radiological purposes. We created and tested multiple ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) filaments infused with varied concentrations of bismuth (1.2-2.7 g/cm³), a radiopaque metal that is compatible with plastic infusion, to address the poor gamma radiation attenuation of many mainstream 3D printing materials. X-ray computed tomography (CT) experiments of these filaments indicated that a density of 1.2 g/cm³ of bismuth-infused ABS emulates bone radiopacity during X-ray CT imaging on preclinical and clinical scanners. ABS-bismuth filaments along with ABS were 3D printed to create an embedded human nasocranial anatomical phantom that mimicked radiological properties of native bone and soft tissue. Increasing the bismuth content in the filaments to 2.7 g/cm³ created a stable material that could attenuate 50% of 99m Technetium gamma emission when printed with a 2.0 mm wall thickness. A shielded test tube rack was printed to attenuate source radiation as a protective measure for lab personnel. We demonstrated the utility of novel filaments to serve multiple radiological purposes, including the creation of anthropomorphic phantoms and safety labware, by tuning the level of radiation attenuation through material customization.

Red light emission from europium doped zinc sodium bismuth borate glasses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hegde, Vinod; Viswanath, C. S. Dwaraka; Upadhyaya, Vyasa; Mahato, K. K.; Kamath, Sudha D.

2017-12-01

Zinc sodium bismuth borate (ZNBB) glasses doped with different concentrations of europium were prepared by conventional melt quenching method and characterized through the measurements of density, refractive index, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra, optical absorption, luminescence and radiative lifetimes. FTIR spectra showed seven characteristic peaks of bismuth and borate functional groups in the range of 400-1600 cm-1. The optical band gap and bonding parameters have been calculated from absorption spectra. Photoluminescence spectra recorded in the visible region with 394 nm excitation are used to calculate the Judd-Ofelt (JO) intensity parameters (Ω2 and Ω4). The JO intensity parameters have been used to calculate the radiative parameters such as branching ratio (β), stimulated emission cross-section (σse), transition probability (A) for the fluorescent level of 5D0→7F2. Decay rates through single exponential are used to calculate the lifetime (τm) of the meta-stable state 5D0 of (Eu3+ ion) these glasses. The radiative parameters measured for all these glasses show 0.7 mol% europium doped zinc sodium bismuth borate glass 5D0→7F2 transition has the potential for red laser applications. The quality of the colour emitted by the present glasses are estimated quantitatively by CIE chromaticity coordinates, which confirms the suitability of these glasses as a red emitting material for field emission technologies and LEDs.

Optical characteristics of bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) thin films.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mahmoud, S.; Eid, A. H.; Omar, H.

Thin films of bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) were grown by two deposition techniques, by thermal evaporation and by chemical deposition. The thermally deposited reactions consisted in depositing the individual elements, namely bismuth and sulfur, sequentially from a tungsten boat source and allowing the layers to interdiffuse to form the compound during the heat-treatment. The chemical deposition was based on the reaction between the triethanolamine compex of Bi3+ ions and thiourea in basic media. Scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction analysis were made on as-deposited and on annealed films to determine their structure. The different electronic transitions and the optical constants are determined from the transmision and reflection data of these thin films for normal incidence. The optical gaps of Bi2S3 films show a remarkable dependence on the preparation method.

Synthesis and characterization of (Ni{sub 1−x}Co{sub x})Se{sub 2} based ternary selenides as electrocatalyst for triiodide reduction in dye-sensitized solar cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Theerthagiri, J.; Senthil, R.A.; Buraidah, M.H.

2016-06-15

Ternary metal selenides of (Ni{sub 1−x}Co{sub x})Se{sub 2} with 0≤x≤1 were synthesized by using one-step hydrothermal reduction route. The synthesized metal selenides were utilized as an efficient, low-cost platinum free counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. The cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies revealed that the Ni{sub 0.5}Co{sub 0.5}Se{sub 2} counter electrode exhibited higher electrocatalytic activity and lower charge transfer resistance at the counter electrode/electrolyte interface than the other compositions for reduction of triiodide to iodide. Ternary selenides of Ni{sub 0.5}Co{sub 0.5}Se{sub 2} offer a synergistic effect to the electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of triiodide that might bemore » due to an increase in active catalytic sites and small charge transfer resistance. The DSSC with Ni{sub 0.5}Co{sub 0.5}Se{sub 2} counter electrode achieved a high power conversion efficiency of 6.02%, which is comparable with that of conventional platinum counter electrode (6.11%). This present investigation demonstrates the potential application of Ni{sub 0.5}Co{sub 0.5}Se{sub 2} as counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells.« less

Solar Water Splitting and Nitrogen Fixation with Layered Bismuth Oxyhalides.

PubMed

Li, Jie; Li, Hao; Zhan, Guangming; Zhang, Lizhi

2017-01-17

Hydrogen and ammonia are the chemical molecules that are vital to Earth's energy, environmental, and biological processes. Hydrogen with renewable, carbon-free, and high combustion-enthalpy hallmarks lays the foundation of next-generation energy source, while ammonia furnishes the building blocks of fertilizers and proteins to sustain the lives of plants and organisms. Such merits fascinate worldwide scientists in developing viable strategies to produce hydrogen and ammonia. Currently, at the forefronts of hydrogen and ammonia syntheses are solar water splitting and nitrogen fixation, because they go beyond the high temperature and pressure requirements of methane stream reforming and Haber-Bosch reaction, respectively, as the commercialized hydrogen and ammonia production routes, and inherit the natural photosynthesis virtues that are green and sustainable and operate at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The key to propelling such photochemical reactions lies in searching photocatalysts that enable water splitting into hydrogen and nitrogen fixation to make ammonia efficiently. Although the past 40 years have witnessed significant breakthroughs using the most widely studied TiO 2 , SrTiO 3 , (Ga 1-x Zn x )(N 1-x O x ), CdS, and g-C 3 N 4 for solar chemical synthesis, two crucial yet still unsolved issues challenge their further progress toward robust solar water splitting and nitrogen fixation, including the inefficient steering of electron transportation from the bulk to the surface and the difficulty of activating the N≡N triple bond of N 2 . This Account details our endeavors that leverage layered bismuth oxyhalides as photocatalysts for efficient solar water splitting and nitrogen fixation, with a focus on addressing the above two problems. We first demonstrate that the layered structures of bismuth oxyhalides can stimulate an internal electric field (IEF) that is capable of efficiently separating electrons and holes after their formation and of

Effect of bismuth doping on the structural and magnetic properties of zinc-ferrite nanoparticles prepared by a microwave combustion method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shoushtari, Morteza Zargar; Emami, Akram; Ghahfarokhi, Seyed Ebrahim Mosavi

2016-12-01

In this study, we examine the bismuth doping effect on the structural, magnetic and microstructural properties of zinc-ferrite nanoparticles (ZnFe2-xBixO4 with x=0.0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.1, 0.15) which have been prepared by a microwave combustion method. The structural, morphological and electromagnetic properties and also Curie temperature of the samples were examined by x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and LCR meter, respectively. In order to measure the energy band gap, the FTIR spectra of the samples were also considered. The XRD patterns of the samples revealed that all of them are ZnFe2O4 structure and no additional peak was observed in their patterns. This implied that the samples were single-phase up to bismuth solubility of 0.15 in Zinc-Ferrite. The results of XRD patterns also showed that the value lattice parameter increases with increasing the bismuth doping. The FESEM results revealed an ascending trend in the size of the nanoparticles. Also considering the VSM results characterized that an increasing the bismuth doping leads to lower the saturation magnetization. The Curie temperatures of the samples were reduced as a result of increasing the amount of bismuth.

Ion mobility and transport properties of bismuth fluoride-containing solid solutions with tysonite-type structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kavun, V. Ya.; Uvarov, N. F.; Slobodyuk, A. B.; Merkulov, E. B.; Polyantsev, M. M.

2018-07-01

The ion mobility and conductivity of solid solutions with tysonite-type structure obtained by doping bismuth trifluoride with lead (II) fluoride, and zirconium and bismuth oxides have been studied using 19F NMR, X-ray diffraction analysis, and impedance spectroscopy. The types of ionic motions in the fluoride sublattice of the synthesized solid solutions in the temperature range 150-450 K have been determined and the energy of their activation has been estimated. Due to high ionic conductivity, above 10-2 S/cm at 570 K, these solid solutions can be considered as superionic conductors.

Methods of making copper selenium precursor compositions with a targeted copper selenide content and precursor compositions and thin films resulting therefrom

DOEpatents

Curtis, Calvin J [Lakewood, CO; Miedaner, Alexander [Boulder, CO; van Hest, Marinus Franciscus Antonius Maria; Ginley, David S [Evergreen, CO; Leisch, Jennifer [Denver, CO; Taylor, Matthew [West Simsbury, CT; Stanbery, Billy J [Austin, TX

2011-09-20

Precursor compositions containing copper and selenium suitable for deposition on a substrate to form thin films suitable for semi-conductor applications. Methods of forming the precursor compositions using primary amine solvents and methods of forming the thin films wherein the selection of temperature and duration of heating controls the formation of a targeted species of copper selenide.

Investigation of Second- and Third-Harmonic Generation in Few-Layer Gallium Selenide by Multiphoton Microscopy

PubMed Central

Karvonen, Lasse; Säynätjoki, Antti; Mehravar, Soroush; Rodriguez, Raul D.; Hartmann, Susanne; Zahn, Dietrich R. T.; Honkanen, Seppo; Norwood, Robert A.; Peyghambarian, N.; Kieu, Khanh; Lipsanen, Harri; Riikonen, Juha

2015-01-01

Gallium selenide (GaSe) is a layered semiconductor and a well-known nonlinear optical crystal. The discovery of graphene has created a new vast research field focusing on two-dimensional materials. We report on the nonlinear optical properties of few-layer GaSe using multiphoton microscopy. Both second- and third-harmonic generation from few-layer GaSe flakes were observed. Unexpectedly, even the peak at the wavelength of 390 nm, corresponding to the fourth-harmonic generation or the sum frequency generation from third-harmonic generation and pump light, was detected during the spectral measurements in thin GaSe flakes. PMID:25989113

Dietary intake of barium, bismuth, chromium, lithium, and strontium in a Spanish population (Canary Islands, Spain).

PubMed

González-Weller, Dailos; Rubio, Carmen; Gutiérrez, Ángel José; González, Gara Luis; Caballero Mesa, José María; Revert Gironés, Consuelo; Burgos Ojeda, Antonio; Hardisson, Arturo

2013-12-01

The aim of this study was to analyze barium, bismuth, chromium, lithium, and strontium contents in food and beverages consumed by the population of the Canary Islands (Spain) as well as determine dietary intake of these metals in the archipelago as a whole and in its individual islands. To this end, 440 samples were analyzed by ICP-OES and GFAAS. Barium concentrations ranged from 5.210 ± 2.117 mg/kg in nuts to 0.035 ± 0.043 mg/L in water. Viscera exhibited the highest levels of bismuth (38.07 ± 36.80 mg/kg). The cold meat and sausages group stood out for its high chromium concentrations (0.494 ± 0.257 mg/kg). The highest concentration of lithium and strontium came out in nuts (8.761 ± 5.368 mg/kg and 9.759 ± 5.181 mg/kg, respectively). The total intakes of barium, bismuth, chromium, lithium, and strontium were 0.685, 1.274, 0.087, 3.674, and 1.923 mg/day, respectively. Cereals turned out to contribute most to the dietary intake of barium, bismuth, chromium, and lithium in the Canary Islands, while fruit contributes most to the strontium intake. We also performed a metal intake study by age and sex of the population and compared the outcome with data from other regions, both national and international.

Effect of bismuth subcitrate and sucralfate on rat duodenal and human gastric bicarbonate secretion in vivo.

PubMed Central

Shorrock, C J; Garner, A; Hunter, A H; Crampton, J R; Rees, W D

1990-01-01

Acid and alkali secretion have been examined together with prostaglandin E2 production in response to two mucosal protective drugs, colloidal bismuth subcitrate and sucralfate. Doses of colloidal bismuth subcitrate in the therapeutic range (120 and 1200 mg) had no effect on alkali secretion or luminal PGE2 output when perfused into the stomach of human volunteers. Similarly, in the anaesthetised rat, neither gastric acid nor duodenal alkali secretions were influenced by iv (12 mg/kg) or topical (120 mg/ml) administration of colloidal bismuth subcitrate. In contrast, perfusion of the human stomach with 1 g sucralfate stimulated bicarbonate output by 50%, a response which was unaffected by indomethacin (25 mg/h). A rise of 64% in gastric PGE2 output after sucralfate was, however, prevented by indomethacin pretreatment. Alkali secretion by rat duodenum was also increased by sucralfate but the response depended on the basal secretory rate. Low basal secretors (less than 3 mumol) showed a 75% stimulation whereas rats with high basal secretory rates (greater than 3 mumol) showed no significant response. All duodenal preparations regardless of basal secretory rate showed a stimulation of bicarbonate output with topical PGE2. The results suggest that enhancement of gastroduodenal bicarbonate secretion may play a role in the protective action of sucralfate but is unlikely to explain mucosal protection by colloidal bismuth subcitrate. PMID:2318428

Synthesis of cross-linked chitosan modified with the glycine moiety for the collection/concentration of bismuth in aquatic samples for ICP-MS determination.

PubMed

Oshita, Koji; Noguchi, Osamu; Oshima, Mitsuko; Motomizu, Shoji

2007-10-01

A chelating resin, cross-linked chitosan modified with the glycine moiety (glycine-type chitosan resin), was developed for the collection and concentration of bismuth in aquatic samples for ICP-MS measurements. The adsorption behavior of bismuth and 55 elements on glycine-type chitosan resin was systematically examined by passing a sample solution containing 56 elements through a mini-column packed with the resin (wet volume; 1 ml). After eluting the elements adsorbed on the resin with nitric acid, the eluates were measured by ICP-MS. The glycine-type chitosan resin could adsorb several cations by a chelating mechanism and several oxoanions by an anion-exchange mechanism. Especially, the resin could adsorb almost 100% Bi(III) over a wide pH region from pH 2 to 6. Bismuth could be strongly adsorbed at pH 3, and eluted quantitatively with 10 ml of 3 M nitric acid. A column pretreatment method with the glycine-type chitosan resin was used prior to removal of high concentrations of matrices in a seawater sample and the preconcentration of trace bismuth in river water samples for ICP-MS measurements. The column pretreatment method was also applied to the determination of bismuth in real samples by ICP-MS. The LOD of bismuth was 0.1 pg ml(-1) by 10-fold column preconcentration for ICP-MS measurements. The analytical results for bismuth in sea and river water samples by ICP-MS were 22.9 +/- 0.5 pg ml(-1) (RSD, 2.2%) and 2.08 +/- 0.05 pg ml(-1) (RSD, 2.4%), respectively.

Flow injection-hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometric determination of selenium, arsenic and bismuth.

PubMed

Zhang, Yanlin; Adeloju, Samuel B

2008-08-15

A simple and robust flow injection system which permits low sample and reagent consumption is described for rapid and reliable hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometric determination of selenium, arsenic and bismuth. The system, which composed of one peristaltic pump and one four channel solenoid valve, used water as the carrier streams for both sample and NaBH(4) solution. Rapid off-line pre-reduction of the analytes was achieved by using hydroxylamine hydrochloride for selenium and a mixture of potassium iodide and ascorbic acid for arsenic and bismuth. Transition metal interference was eliminated with the addition of thiourea and EDTA into the NaBH(4) solution and significant sensitivity enhancement was observed for selenium in the presence of thiourea in the reductant solution. Under optimised conditions, the method achieved detection limits of 0.2 ng mL(-1) for Se, 0.5 ng mL(-1) for As and 0.3 ng mL(-1) for Bi. The method was very reproducible, achieving relative standard deviations of 6.3% for Se, 3.6% for As and 4.7% for Bi, and has a sample throughput of 360 h(-1). Successful application of the method to the quantification of selenium, arsenic and bismuth in a certified reference river sediment sample is reported.

Intense 2.7 µm emission and structural origin in Er3+-doped bismuthate (Bi2O3-GeO2-Ga2O3-Na2O) glass.

PubMed

Guo, Yanyan; Li, Ming; Hu, Lili; Zhang, Junjie

2012-01-15

The 2.7 μm emission properties in Er3+-doped bismuthate (Bi2O3-GeO2-Ga2O3-Na2O) glass were investigated in the present Letter. An intense 2.7 μm emission in Er3+-doped bismuthate glass was observed. It is found that Er3+-doped bismuthate glass possesses high spontaneous transition probability A (65.26 s(-1)) and large 2.7 μm emission cross section σ(em) (9.53×10(-21) cm2) corresponding to the stimulated emission of Er3+:4I11/2→4I13/2 transition. The emission characteristic and energy transfer process upon excitation of a conventional 980 nm laser diode in bismuthate glass were analyzed. Additionally, the structure of bismuthate glass was analyzed by the Raman spectrum. The advantageous spectroscopic characteristics of Er3+ single-doped bismuthate glass together with the prominent thermal property indicate that bismuthate glass might become an attractive host for developing solid-state lasers around 2.7 μm.

Coexistence of Topological Edge State and Superconductivity in Bismuth Ultrathin Film.

PubMed

Sun, Hao-Hua; Wang, Mei-Xiao; Zhu, Fengfeng; Wang, Guan-Yong; Ma, Hai-Yang; Xu, Zhu-An; Liao, Qing; Lu, Yunhao; Gao, Chun-Lei; Li, Yao-Yi; Liu, Canhua; Qian, Dong; Guan, Dandan; Jia, Jin-Feng

2017-05-10

Ultrathin freestanding bismuth film is theoretically predicted to be one kind of two-dimensional topological insulators. Experimentally, the topological nature of bismuth strongly depends on the situations of the Bi films. Film thickness and interaction with the substrate often change the topological properties of Bi films. Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy or spectroscopy and first-principle calculation, the properties of Bi(111) ultrathin film grown on the NbSe 2 superconducting substrate have been studied. We find the band structures of the ultrathin film is quasi-freestanding, and one-dimensional edge state exists on Bi(111) film as thin as three bilayers. Superconductivity is also detected on different layers of the film and the pairing potential exhibits an exponential decay with the layer thicknesses. Thus, the topological edge state can coexist with superconductivity, which makes the system a promising platform for exploring Majorana Fermions.

Thermoelctric Properties of Bi and Bismuth Telluride Composites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huber, Tito E.; Calcao, Ricky

1998-03-01

It has been suggested that microengineering traditional thermoelectric materials into composites may leadto asignificant improvement in their thermoelectric performance. One approach for the fabrication of nanostructured materials is the utilization of nanochannel insulators as a matrix for the synthesis of dense composites using high pressure injection of the melt. We will discuss the synthesis and structural properties of oriented Bi and Bismuth Telluride wire arrays prepared with this technique. Funded by the Army Research Office.

Bismuth oxide nanotubes-graphene fiber-based flexible supercapacitors.

PubMed

Gopalsamy, Karthikeyan; Xu, Zhen; Zheng, Bingna; Huang, Tieqi; Kou, Liang; Zhao, Xiaoli; Gao, Chao

2014-08-07

Graphene-bismuth oxide nanotube fiber as electrode material for constituting flexible supercapacitors using a PVA/H3PO4 gel electrolyte is reported with a high specific capacitance (Ca) of 69.3 mF cm(-2) (for a single electrode) and 17.3 mF cm(-2) (for the whole device) at 0.1 mA cm(-2), respectively. Our approach opens the door to metal oxide-graphene hybrid fibers and high-performance flexible electronics.

An ecotoxicological study on tin- and bismuth-catalysed PDMS based coatings containing a surface-active polymer.

PubMed

Pretti, Carlo; Oliva, Matteo; Mennillo, Elvira; Barbaglia, Martina; Funel, Marco; Reddy Yasani, Bhaskar; Martinelli, Elisa; Galli, Giancarlo

2013-12-01

Novel films were prepared by condensation curing reaction of a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) matrix with bismuth neodecanoate and dibutyltin diacetate catalysts. An ecotoxicological study was performed on the leachates of the coatings using the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the unicellular alga Dunaliella tertiolecta, the crustacean Artemia salina and the fish Sparus aurata (larvae) as testing organisms. A copper-based self-polishing commercial paint was also tested as reference. The results showed that the tin-catalysed coatings and the copper paint were highly toxic against at least two of the four test organisms, whereas bismuth-catalysed coatings did not show any toxic effect. Moreover, the same biological assessment was also carried out on PDMS coatings containing a surface-active fluorinated polymer. The toxicity of the entire polymeric system resulted only from the tin catalyst used for the condensation curing reaction, as the bismuth catalysed coatings incorporating the surface-active polymer remained atoxic toward all the tested organisms. © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Strongly Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance and Defect Physics of Air-Stable Bismuth Oxyiodide (BiOI)

DOE PAGES

Hoye, Robert L. Z.; Lee, Lana C.; Kurchin, Rachel C.; ...

2017-07-17

Bismuth-based compounds have recently gained increasing attention as potentially nontoxic and defect-tolerant solar absorbers. However, many of the new materials recently investigated show limited photovoltaic performance. Herein, one such compound is explored in detail through theory and experiment: bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI). BiOI thin films are grown by chemical vapor transport and found to maintain the same tetragonal phase in ambient air for at least 197 d. The computations suggest BiOI to be tolerant to antisite and vacancy defects. All-inorganic solar cells (ITO|NiO x|BiOI|ZnO|Al) with negligible hysteresis and up to 80% external quantum efficiency under select monochromatic excitation are demonstrated. Themore » short-circuit current densities and power conversion efficiencies under AM 1.5G illumination are nearly double those of previously reported BiOI solar cells, as well as other bismuth halide and chalcohalide photovoltaics recently explored by many groups. Through a detailed loss analysis using optical characterization, photoemission spectroscopy, and device modeling, direction for future improvements in efficiency is provided. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that BiOI, previously considered to be a poor photocatalyst, is promising for photovoltaics.« less

Control of accidental releases of hydrogen selenide in vented storage cabinets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fthenakis, V. M.; Moskowitz, P. D.; Sproull, R. D.

1988-07-01

Highly toxic hydrogen selenide and hydrogen sulfide gases are used in the production of copper-indium-diselenide photovoltaic cells by reactive sputtering. In the event of an accident, these gases may be released to the atmosphere and pose hazards to public and occupational safety and health. This paper outlines an approach for designing systems for the control of these releases given the uncertainty in release conditions and lack of data on the chemical systems involved. Accidental releases of these gases in storage cabinets can be controlled by either a venturi and packed-bed scrubber and carbon adsorption bed, or containment scrubbing equipment followed by carbon adsorption. These systems can effectively reduce toxic gas emissions to levels needed to protect public health. The costs of these controls (˜0.012/Wp) are samll in comparison with current (˜6/Wp) and projected (˜I/Wp) production costs.

The cytotoxicity of organobismuth compounds with certain molecular structures can be diminished by replacing the bismuth atom with an antimony atom in the molecules.

PubMed

Kohri, Kumiko; Yoshida, Eiko; Yasuike, Shuji; Fujie, Tomoya; Yamamoto, Chika; Kaji, Toshiyuki

2015-06-01

Organic-inorganic hybrid molecules, which are composed of an organic structure and metal(s), are indispensable for synthetic chemical reactions; however, their toxicity has been incompletely understood. In the present study, we discovered two cytotoxic organobismuth compounds whose cytotoxicity diminished upon replacement of the intramolecular bismuth atom with an antimony atom. The intracellular accumulation of the organobismuth compounds was much higher than that of the organoantimony compounds with the corresponding organic structures. We also showed that both the organic structure and bismuth atom are required for certain organobismuth compounds to exert their cytotoxic effect, suggesting that the cytotoxicity of such a compound is a result of an interaction between the organic structure and the bismuth atom. The present data suggest that organobismuth compounds with certain molecular structures exhibit cytotoxicity via an interaction between the molecular structure and the bismuth atom, and this cytotoxicity can be diminished by replacing the bismuth atom with an antimony atom, resulting in lower intracellular accumulation.

Mixed-layered bismuth-oxygen-iodine materials for capture and waste disposal of radioactive iodine

DOEpatents

Krumhansl, James L; Nenoff, Tina M

2013-02-26

Materials and methods of synthesizing mixed-layered bismuth oxy-iodine materials, which can be synthesized in the presence of aqueous radioactive iodine species found in caustic solutions (e.g. NaOH or KOH). This technology provides a one-step process for both iodine sequestration and storage from nuclear fuel cycles. It results in materials that will be durable for repository conditions much like those found in Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) and estimated for Yucca Mountain (YMP). By controlled reactant concentrations, optimized compositions of these mixed-layered bismuth oxy-iodine inorganic materials are produced that have both a high iodine weight percentage and a low solubility in groundwater environments.

Temperature induced phonon behaviour in germanium selenide thin films probed by Raman spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taube, A.; Łapińska, A.; Judek, J.; Wochtman, N.; Zdrojek, M.

2016-08-01

Here we report a detailed study of temperature-dependent phonon properties of exfoliated germanium selenide thin films (several tens of nanometers thick) probed by Raman spectroscopy in the 70-350 K temperature range. The temperature-dependent behavior of the positions and widths of the Raman modes was nonlinear. We concluded that the observed effects arise from anharmonic phonon-phonon interactions and are explained by the phenomenon of optical phonon decay into acoustic phonons. At temperatures above 200 K, the position of the Raman modes tended to be linearly dependent, and the first order temperature coefficients χ were  -0.0277, -0.0197 and  -0.031 cm-1 K-1 for B 3g , A g(1) and A g(2) modes, respectively.

Optical Properties of Bismuth Tellurite Based Glass

PubMed Central

Oo, Hooi Ming; Mohamed-Kamari, Halimah; Wan-Yusoff, Wan Mohd Daud

2012-01-01

A series of binary tellurite based glasses (Bi2O3)x (TeO2)100−x was prepared by melt quenching method. The density, molar volume and refractive index increase when bismuth ions Bi3+ increase, this is due to the increased polarization of the ions Bi3+ and the enhanced formation of non-bridging oxygen (NBO). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results show the bonding of the glass sample and the optical band gap, Eopt decreases while the refractive index increases when the ion Bi3+ content increases. PMID:22605999

The network modifier and former role of the bismuth ions in the bismuth-lead-germanate glasses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rada, M.; Rus, L.; Rada, S.; Culea, E.; Rusu, T.

2014-11-01

The present work is focused on the enhancement of network former environment in lead-germanate glasses by bismuth ions doping. A series of bismuth-lead-germanate glasses with the xBi2O3·(100 - x)[7GeO2·3PbO] composition glass where 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 30 mol% Bi2O3 were synthesized by melt-quenching method. The FTIR, UV-VIS spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were conducted on these samples to evaluate the doping effect of structure of the host matrix network. Our results indicate that direct incorporation of Bi2O3 into the lead-germanate network modifies the lead-germanate network and the internal structure of glass network is rearranged. The structural flexibility of the lead-germanate network is possible due to its incapacity to accommodate with the excess of oxygen atoms and the creation of bridging oxygen ions. Optical gap energy and refractive index were obtained as a function of Bi2O3 content. Gap energy values decrease as Bi2O3 content increased from 0 to 10 mol%. Further increase of Bi2O3 concentration beyond 10 mol% increased the gap energy values. These behaviors of the glass system can be explained by two mechanisms: (i) for x ⩽ 10 mol% Bi2O3 - increase of degree of disorder of the host matrix because Bi2O3 is network modifier and (ii) for x > 10 mol% - Bi2O3 acts as a network former. Cyclic voltammetry measurements using the glass system with 10Bi2O3·90[7GeO2·3PbO] composition as working electrode show the mobility of the lead ions, in agreement with UV-VIS data.

Superconductivity in Bismuth. A New Look at an Old Problem

PubMed Central

2016-01-01

To investigate the relationship between atomic topology, vibrational and electronic properties and superconductivity of bismuth, a 216-atom amorphous structure (a-Bi216) was computer-generated using our undermelt-quench approach. Its pair distribution function compares well with experiment. The calculated electronic and vibrational densities of states (eDOS and vDOS, respectively) show that the amorphous eDOS is about 4 times the crystalline at the Fermi energy, whereas for the vDOS the energy range of the amorphous is roughly the same as the crystalline but the shapes are quite different. A simple BCS estimate of the possible crystalline superconducting transition temperature gives an upper limit of 1.3 mK. The e-ph coupling is more preponderant in a-Bi than in crystalline bismuth (x-Bi) as indicated by the λ obtained via McMillan’s formula, λc = 0.24 and experiment λa = 2.46. Therefore with respect to x-Bi, superconductivity in a-Bi is enhanced by the higher values of λ and of eDOS at the Fermi energy. PMID:26815431

Superconductivity in Bismuth. A New Look at an Old Problem.

PubMed

Mata-Pinzón, Zaahel; Valladares, Ariel A; Valladares, Renela M; Valladares, Alexander

2016-01-01

To investigate the relationship between atomic topology, vibrational and electronic properties and superconductivity of bismuth, a 216-atom amorphous structure (a-Bi216) was computer-generated using our undermelt-quench approach. Its pair distribution function compares well with experiment. The calculated electronic and vibrational densities of states (eDOS and vDOS, respectively) show that the amorphous eDOS is about 4 times the crystalline at the Fermi energy, whereas for the vDOS the energy range of the amorphous is roughly the same as the crystalline but the shapes are quite different. A simple BCS estimate of the possible crystalline superconducting transition temperature gives an upper limit of 1.3 mK. The e-ph coupling is more preponderant in a-Bi than in crystalline bismuth (x-Bi) as indicated by the λ obtained via McMillan's formula, λc = 0.24 and experiment λa = 2.46. Therefore with respect to x-Bi, superconductivity in a-Bi is enhanced by the higher values of λ and of eDOS at the Fermi energy.

Synthesis, structure and photoluminescence properties of amine-templated open-framework bismuth sulfates

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marri, Subba R.; Behera, J.N., E-mail: jnbehera@niser.ac.in

2014-02-15

Two organically-templated bismuth sulfates of the compositions, [C{sub 6}N{sub 2}H{sub 14}] [Bi(SO{sub 4}){sub 2}(NO{sub 3})], (1) and [C{sub 4}N{sub 2}H{sub 12}]{sub 4}[Bi{sub 4}(SO{sub 4}){sub 10}(H{sub 2}O){sub 4}], (2), with open architecture have been synthesized and their structures determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. 1 has a corrugated layered structure with 8-membered aperture wherein the SO{sub 4} tetrahedra and the BiO{sub 8} polyhedra join together to form (4, 4) net sheets of the metal centers while 2 has a three-dimensional structure possessing 8- and 12-membered channels. Both the compounds show good fluorescence properties exhibiting blue luminescence. Time-resolved fluorescence behavior of 1more » and 2 shows mean fluorescence life time of 0.9 and 1.0 ns, respectively. - Graphical abstract: Two open-framework bismuth sulfates with the layered and three-dimensional structures have been synthesized and characterized. Both the compounds show good fluorescence properties exhibiting blue luminescence. Display Omitted - Highlights: • Two organically-templated bismuth sulfates with open architecture have been synthesized and characterized. • One has a corrugated layered structure while the other one has a three-dimensional structure possessing channels. • They are novel in that open-framework three-dimensional main group metal sulfates are first to be reported. • They show good fluorescence properties exhibiting blue luminescence.« less

Selective resputtering of bismuth in sputtered Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grace, J. M.; McDonald, D. B.; Reiten, M. T.; Olson, J.; Kampwirth, R. T.; Gray, K. E.

1991-10-01

We present studies using a dc magnetron in an on-axis configuration to sputter Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O films from a composite target. These studies show that bismuth can be preferentially resputtered. The influence of ozone, molecular oxygen, and total pressure on the resputtering of bismuth is investigated and discussed. Ozone, in low concentrations, can dramatically affect the degree of resputtering. By comparing the effects of molecular oxygen and ozone, some insight is gained regarding the possible mechanisms of negative ion formation in the magnetron environment. Based on our results we suggest that molecular oxygen can bring about resputtering primarily by forming O+2, which collides with the target to produce energetic negative oxygen ions. In contrast, ozone may form negative ions by electron impact in the dark space above the target, giving rise to lower-energy negative ions, which can traverse the plasma unneutralized and can be stopped with an applied bias on the sample block. With no added oxidant, negative oxygen ions from the target oxygen may dominate the background resputtering. Similarity is found between our results and those for similar studies on Y-Ba-Cu-O by other workers. Bismuth in Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O behaves as barium in Y-Ba-Cu-O with regards to preferential resputtering; furthermore, the response of strontium, calcium, and copper to oxygen in sputtered Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O is similar to what is observed for copper in Y-Ba-Cu-O.

Controllable synthesis of metal selenide heterostructures mediated by Ag2Se nanocrystals acting as catalysts.

PubMed

Zhou, Jiangcong; Huang, Feng; Xu, Ju; Wang, Yuansheng

2013-10-21

Ag2Se nanocrystals were demonstrated to be novel semiconductor mediators, or in other word catalysts, for the growth of semiconductor heterostructures in solution. This is a result of the unique feature of Ag2Se as a fast ion conductor, allowing foreign cations to dissolve and then to heterogrow the second phase. Using Ag2Se nanocrystals as catalysts, dimeric metal selenide heterostructures such as Ag2Se-CdSe and Ag2Se-ZnSe, and even multi-segment heterostructures such as Ag2Se-CdSe-ZnSe and Ag2Se-ZnSe-CdSe, were successfully synthesized. Several interesting features were found in the Ag2Se based heterogrowth. At the initial stage of heterogrowth, a layer of the second phase forms on the surface of an Ag2Se nanosphere, with a curved junction interface between the two phases. With further growth of the second phase, the Ag2Se nanosphere tends to flatten the junction surface by modifying its shape from sphere to hemisphere in order to minimize the conjunct area and thus the interfacial energy. Notably, the crystallographic relationship of the two phases in the heterostructure varies with the lattice parameters of the second phase, in order to reduce the lattice mismatch at the interface. Furthermore, a small lattice mismatch at the interface results in a straight rod-like second phase, while a large lattice mismatch would induce a tortuous product. The reported results may provide a new route for developing novel selenide semiconductor heterostructures which are potentially applicable in optoelectronic, biomedical, photovoltaic and catalytic fields.

Materials Based on Antimony and Bismuth for Sodium Storage: A Review.

PubMed

Li, Xinyan; Ni, Jiangfeng; Savilov, S V; Li, Liang

2018-06-06

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) that efficiently store electricity into chemical energy have been extensively pursued because of their great potential for low-cost and large-scale stationary application such as smart grid and renewable energy. Successful deployment of SIBs requires efficient anode materials that could store Na+ ions via a reversible way at reasonable rates. Materials based on antimony and bismuth are capable of storing a high-concentration of Na+ ions via a reversible alloying reaction at suitable redox potentials, and thus havedrawn substantial attention. However, these electrode materials are facing significant technical challenges, such as poor conductivity, multiple phase transformation, and severe volume swelling and shrinking, which make efficient materials design a necessity. In this review, we will give a latest overview of research progress in the design and application of electrode materials based on antimony and bismuth, and offer some value insights into their future development in sodium storage. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Sensitive voltammetric determination of lead released from ceramic dishes by using of bismuth nanostructures anchored on biochar.

PubMed

Agustini, Deonir; Mangrich, Antonio Salvio; Bergamini, Márcio F; Marcolino-Junior, Luiz Humberto

2015-09-01

A simple and sensitive electroanalytical method was developed for determination of nanomolar levels of Pb(II) based on the voltammetric stripping response at a carbon paste electrode modified with biochar (a special charcoal) and bismuth nanostructures (nBi-BchCPE). The proposed methodology was based on spontaneous interactions between the highly functionalized biochar surface and Pb(II) ions followed by reduction of these ions into bismuth nanodots which promote an improvement on the stripping anodic current. The experimental procedure could be summarized in three steps: including an open circuit pre-concentration, reduction of accumulated lead ions at the electrode surface and stripping step under differential pulse voltammetric conditions (DPAdSV). SEM images revealed dimensions of bismuth nanodots ranging from 20 nm to 70 nm. The effects of main parameters related to biochar, bismuth and operational parameters were examined in detail. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed sensor has exhibited linear range from 5.0 to 1000 nmol L(-1) and detection limit of 1.41 nmol L(-1) for Pb(II). The optimized method was successfully applied for determination of Pb(II) released from overglaze-decorated ceramic dishes. Results obtained were compared with those given by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and they are in agreement at 99% of confidence level. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Facile synthesis of light harvesting semiconductor bismuth oxychloride nano photo-catalysts for efficient removal of hazardous organic pollutants

PubMed Central

Seddigi, Zaki S.; Baig, Umair; Ahmed, Saleh A.; Abdulaziz, M. A.; Danish, Ekram Y.; Khaled, Mazen M.; Lais, Abul

2017-01-01

In the present work, bismuth oxychloride nanoparticles–a light harvesting semiconductor photocatalyst–were synthesized by a facile hydrolysis route, with sodium bismuthate and hydroxylammonium chloride as the precursor materials. The as-synthesized semiconductor photocatalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Photoluminescence spectroscopy techniques. The crystal structure, morphology, composition, and optical properties of these facile synthesized bismuth oxychloride nanoparticles (BiOCl NPs) were compared to those of traditional bismuth oxychloride. In addition, the photocatalytic performance of facile-synthesized BiOCl NPs and traditional BiOCl, as applied to the removal of hazardous organic dyes under visible light illumination, is thoroughly investigated. Our results reveal that facile-synthesized BiOCl NPs display strong UV-Vis light adsorption, improved charge carrier mobility and an inhibited rate of charge carrier recombination, when compared to traditional BiOCl. These enhancements result in an improved photocatalytic degradation rate of hazardous organic dyes under UV-Vis irradiance. For instance, the facile-synthesized BiOCl NPs attained 100% degradation of methylene blue and methyl orange dyes in approximately 30 mins under UV-Vis irradiation, against 55% degradation for traditional BiOCl under similar experimental conditions. PMID:28245225

Facile synthesis of light harvesting semiconductor bismuth oxychloride nano photo-catalysts for efficient removal of hazardous organic pollutants.

PubMed

Seddigi, Zaki S; Gondal, Mohammed A; Baig, Umair; Ahmed, Saleh A; Abdulaziz, M A; Danish, Ekram Y; Khaled, Mazen M; Lais, Abul

2017-01-01

In the present work, bismuth oxychloride nanoparticles-a light harvesting semiconductor photocatalyst-were synthesized by a facile hydrolysis route, with sodium bismuthate and hydroxylammonium chloride as the precursor materials. The as-synthesized semiconductor photocatalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Photoluminescence spectroscopy techniques. The crystal structure, morphology, composition, and optical properties of these facile synthesized bismuth oxychloride nanoparticles (BiOCl NPs) were compared to those of traditional bismuth oxychloride. In addition, the photocatalytic performance of facile-synthesized BiOCl NPs and traditional BiOCl, as applied to the removal of hazardous organic dyes under visible light illumination, is thoroughly investigated. Our results reveal that facile-synthesized BiOCl NPs display strong UV-Vis light adsorption, improved charge carrier mobility and an inhibited rate of charge carrier recombination, when compared to traditional BiOCl. These enhancements result in an improved photocatalytic degradation rate of hazardous organic dyes under UV-Vis irradiance. For instance, the facile-synthesized BiOCl NPs attained 100% degradation of methylene blue and methyl orange dyes in approximately 30 mins under UV-Vis irradiation, against 55% degradation for traditional BiOCl under similar experimental conditions.

Content and distribution of arsenic, bismuth, lithium and selenium in mineral and synthetic fertilizers and their contribution to soil

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Senesi, N.; Polemio, M.; Lorusso, L.

1979-01-01

Concentrations of arsenic, bismuth, lithium and selenium were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 32 samples of commercial fertilizers from various manufacturers and distributors. Arsenic and lithium were detected in all investigated samples, bismuth in 50% of samples and selenium only in two samples. Arsenic content ranged from 2 to 321 ppM; lithium varied from 5 to 0.1 ppM; bismuth was always lower than 0.5 ppM; selenium was detectable at the levels of 10 and 13 ppM. Fertilizers made from rock phosphates contained trace element amounts generally higher than those derived from rock carbonates, synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and potassium sulphate.more » Additions of trace elements from fertilizers applied at common rates to cultivated soils are tabulated and discussed on the basis of the natural soil reserves and toxicity levels for plants. Whereas applications of bismuth resulted always very low to influence the usual soil content and plant uptakes and selenium was only rarely present in fertilizers, lithium and moreover arsenic additions by fertilizers could influence the trace element status in soil, overcoming occasionally the toxicity levels for more sensitive crops.« less

Power scaling of ultrafast laser inscribed waveguide lasers in chromium and iron doped zinc selenide.

PubMed

McDaniel, Sean A; Lancaster, Adam; Evans, Jonathan W; Kar, Ajoy K; Cook, Gary

2016-02-22

We report demonstration of Watt level waveguide lasers fabricated using Ultrafast Laser Inscription (ULI). The waveguides were fabricated in bulk chromium and iron doped zinc selenide crystals with a chirped pulse Yb fiber laser. The depressed cladding structure in Fe:ZnSe produced output powers of 1 W with a threshold of 50 mW and a slope efficiency of 58%, while a similar structure produced 5.1 W of output in Cr:ZnSe with a laser threshold of 350 mW and a slope efficiency of 41%. These results represent the current state-of-the-art for ULI waveguides in zinc based chalcogenides.

[Protective effect of compound bismuth and magnesium granules on aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats].

PubMed

Mu, F H; Hu, F L; Wei, H; Zhang, Y Y; Yang, G B; Lei, X Y; Yang, Y P; Sun, W N; Cui, M H

2016-02-01

To investigate the protective effect of compound bismuth and magnesium granules on aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats and its possible mechanism. Acute gastric mucosal injury model was developed with intraperitoneal injection of aspirin in Wistar rats. The rats were divided into normal control group, injury group, sucralfate protection group, compound bismuth and magnesium granules protection group and its herbal components protection group(each group 12 rats). In the protection groups, drugs as mentioned above were administered by gavage before treated with intraperitoneal injection of aspirin. To evaluate the extent of gastric mucosal injury and the protective effect of drugs, gastric mucosal lesion index, gastric mucosal blood flow, content of gastric mucosal hexosamine, prostaglandins (PG), nitric oxide(NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin (IL) -1, 2, 8 were measured in each group, and histological changes were observed by gross as well as under microscope and electron microscope. Contents of hexosamine, NO, and PG in all the protection groups were significantly higher than those in the injury group (all P<0.01), and content of NO in the compound bismuth and magnesium granules group was significantly higher than that in the sucralfate group ((11.29±0.51) vs(10.80±0.36)nmol/ml, P<0.05). The gastric mucosal lesion index, contents of TNF, and IL-1, 2, 8 were significantly lower in all the protection groups than in the injury group (all P<0.01), and contents of IL-2 and IL-8 in the compound bismuth and magnesium granules group were significantly lower than those in the sucralfate group ((328.17±6.56) vs(340.23±8.05)pg/ml, P<0.01; (170.82±7.31) vs(179.31±7.80)pg/ml, P<0.05). Tissue injury and inflammatory reaction in all the protection groups were obviously mitigated compared with the injury group. Compound bismuth and magnesium granules and its herbal components may have significant protective effect on aspirin-induced gastric mucosal

Organotin Selenide Clusters and Hybrid Capsules.

PubMed

Dehnen, Stefanie; Hanau, Katharina; Rinn, Niklas; Argentari, Mario

2018-05-22

Several compounds with unique structural motifs that have already been known from organotin sulfide chemistry, but remained unprecedented in organotin selenide chemistry so far, have been synthesized. The reaction of [(R1Sn)4Se6] (R1 = CMe2CH2C(O)Me) with N2H4·H2O/(SiMe3)2Se and with PhN2H3/(SiMe3)2Se led to the formation of [{(R2Sn)2SnSe4}2(µ-Se)2] (1) and [{(R3Sn)2SnSe4}2(µ-Se)2] (2) (R2 = CMe2CH2C(Me)NNH2, R3 = CMe2CH2C(Me)NNPhH), respectively. Addition of o-phthalaldehyde to [(R2Sn)4Se6] yielded a cluster with intramolecular bridging of the organic groups, [(R4Sn2)2Se6] (3, R4 = (CMe2CH2C(Me)NNCH)2C6H4). The introduction of organic ligands with longer chains finally allowed the isolation of inorganic-organic capsules of the type [(µ-R)3(Sn3Se4)2]X2, with R = (CMe2CH2C(Me)NNHC(O))2(CH2)4, X = [SnC3], Cl (4a, 4b) or R = CMe2CH2C(Me)NNH)2, X = [SnCl3] (5). The capsules enclose solvent molecules and/or anions as guests. All compounds were characterized via single-crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Mixed-layered bismuth--oxygen--iodine materials for capture and waste disposal of radioactive iodine

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Krumhansl, James L; Nenoff, Tina M

2015-01-06

Materials and methods of synthesizing mixed-layered bismuth oxy-iodine materials, which can be synthesized in the presence of aqueous radioactive iodine species found in caustic solutions (e.g. NaOH or KOH). This technology provides a one-step process for both iodine sequestration and storage from nuclear fuel cycles. It results in materials that will be durable for repository conditions much like those found in Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) and estimated for Yucca Mountain (YMP). By controlled reactant concentrations, optimized compositions of these mixed-layered bismuth oxy-iodine inorganic materials are produced that have both a high iodine weight percentage and a low solubility inmore » groundwater environments.« less

Optical and structural properties of indium doped bismuth selenide thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pavagadhi, Himanshu; Vyas, S. M.; Patel, Piyush; Patel, Vimal; Patel, Jaydev; Jani, M. P.

2015-08-01

In: Bi2Se3 crystals were grown by Bridgman method at a growth velocity of 0.5cm/h with temperature gradient of 650 C/cm in our laboratory. The thin films of In:Bi2se3 were grown on amorphous substrate (glass) at a room temperature under a pressure of 10-4Pa by thermal evaporation technique. Thin film were deposited at various thicknesses and optical absorption spectrum of such thin films, obtain in wave no. range 300 to 2600 cm-1. The optical energy gap calculated from this data were found to be inverse function of square of thickness, particularly for thickness about 1800 Å or less. This dependence is explained in terms of quantum size effect. For thicker films, the bandgap is found to be independent of film thickness. For the surface stud of the as grown thin film by using AFM, which shows continuous film with some step height and surface roughness found in terms of few nm and particle size varies with respect to thickness.

Transition-metal doped sulfide, selenide, and telluride laser crystal and lasers

DOEpatents

Krupke, W.F.; Page, R.H.; DeLoach, L.D.; Payne, S.A.

1996-07-30

A new class of solid state laser crystals and lasers are formed of transition metal doped sulfide, selenide, and telluride host crystals which have four fold coordinated substitutional sites. The host crystals include II-VI compounds. The host crystal is doped with a transition metal laser ion, e.g., chromium, cobalt or iron. In particular, Cr{sup 2+}-doped ZnS and ZnSe generate laser action near 2.3 {micro}m. Oxide, chloride, fluoride, bromide and iodide crystals with similar structures can also be used. Important aspects of these laser materials are the tetrahedral site symmetry of the host crystal, low excited state absorption losses and high luminescence efficiency, and the d{sup 4} and d{sup 6} electronic configurations of the transition metal ions. The same materials are also useful as saturable absorbers for passive Q-switching applications. The laser materials can be used as gain media in amplifiers and oscillators; these gain media can be incorporated into waveguides and semiconductor lasers. 18 figs.

Transition-metal doped sulfide, selenide, and telluride laser crystal and lasers

DOEpatents

Krupke, William F.; Page, Ralph H.; DeLoach, Laura D.; Payne, Stephen A.

1996-01-01

A new class of solid state laser crystals and lasers are formed of transition metal doped sulfide, selenide, and telluride host crystals which have four fold coordinated substitutional sites. The host crystals include II-VI compounds. The host crystal is doped with a transition metal laser ion, e.g., chromium, cobalt or iron. In particular, Cr.sup.2+ -doped ZnS and ZnSe generate laser action near 2.3 .mu.m. Oxide, chloride, fluoride, bromide and iodide crystals with similar structures can also be used. Important aspects of these laser materials are the tetrahedral site symmetry of the host crystal, low excited state absorption losses and high luminescence efficiency, and the d.sup.4 and d.sup.6 electronic configurations of the transition metal ions. The same materials are also useful as saturable absorbers for passive Q-switching applications. The laser materials can be used as gain media in amplifiers and oscillators; these gain media can be incorporated into waveguides and semiconductor lasers.

Strongly Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance and Defect Physics of Air-Stable Bismuth Oxyiodide (BiOI).

PubMed

Hoye, Robert L Z; Lee, Lana C; Kurchin, Rachel C; Huq, Tahmida N; Zhang, Kelvin H L; Sponseller, Melany; Nienhaus, Lea; Brandt, Riley E; Jean, Joel; Polizzotti, James Alexander; Kursumović, Ahmed; Bawendi, Moungi G; Bulović, Vladimir; Stevanović, Vladan; Buonassisi, Tonio; MacManus-Driscoll, Judith L

2017-09-01

Bismuth-based compounds have recently gained increasing attention as potentially nontoxic and defect-tolerant solar absorbers. However, many of the new materials recently investigated show limited photovoltaic performance. Herein, one such compound is explored in detail through theory and experiment: bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI). BiOI thin films are grown by chemical vapor transport and found to maintain the same tetragonal phase in ambient air for at least 197 d. The computations suggest BiOI to be tolerant to antisite and vacancy defects. All-inorganic solar cells (ITO|NiO x |BiOI|ZnO|Al) with negligible hysteresis and up to 80% external quantum efficiency under select monochromatic excitation are demonstrated. The short-circuit current densities and power conversion efficiencies under AM 1.5G illumination are nearly double those of previously reported BiOI solar cells, as well as other bismuth halide and chalcohalide photovoltaics recently explored by many groups. Through a detailed loss analysis using optical characterization, photoemission spectroscopy, and device modeling, direction for future improvements in efficiency is provided. This work demonstrates that BiOI, previously considered to be a poor photocatalyst, is promising for photovoltaics. © 2017 The Authors. Published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Synthesis and Characterisation of Reduced Graphene Oxide/Bismuth Composite for Electrodes in Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices.

PubMed

Wang, Jiabin; Zhang, Han; Hunt, Michael R C; Charles, Alasdair; Tang, Jie; Bretcanu, Oana; Walker, David; Hassan, Khalil T; Sun, Yige; Šiller, Lidija

2017-01-20

A reduced graphene oxide/bismuth (rGO/Bi) composite was synthesized for the first time using a polyol process at a low reaction temperature and with a short reaction time (60 °C and 3 hours, respectively). The as-prepared sample is structured with 20-50 nm diameter bismuth particles distributed on the rGO sheets. The rGO/Bi composite displays a combination of capacitive and battery-like charge storage, achieving a specific capacity value of 773 C g -1 at a current density of 0.2 A g -1 when charged to 1 V. The material not only has good power density but also shows moderate stability in cycling tests with current densities as high as 5 A g -1 . The relatively high abundance and low price of bismuth make this rGO/Bi material a promising candidate for use in electrode materials in future energy storage devices. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

The growth of zinc selenide single crystals by physical vapor transport in microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, Elmer E.; Rosenberger, Franz E.; Cheng, Hai-Yuin

1990-01-01

Growth and characterization studies will be performed on zinc selenide single crystals. The high temperature outgassing behavior of the silica ampoule material will be studied in order to develop a cleaning and bake-out procedure that will minimize the amount of impurities introduced into the vapor from the ampoule materials and in particular during the seal-off procedure. The outgassing behavior of the ZnSe starting material will be studied during high vacuum refinement at elevated temperatures in order to develop a temperature pressure program that will optimize the removal of impurities while minimizing a shift in stoichiometry due to preferred evaporation of the higher fugacity component. The mass spectrometer system was completed, and after calibration, will be used to perform the above tasks. The system and its operation is described in detail.

METHOD FOR RECOVERING PLUTONIUM VALUES FROM SOLUTION USING A BISMUTH HYDROXIDE CARRIER PRECIPITATE

DOEpatents

Faris, B.F.

1961-04-25

Carrier precipitation processes for separating plutonium values from aqueous solutions are described. In accordance with the invention a bismuth hydroxide precipitate is formed in the plutonium-containing solution, thereby carrying plutonium values from the solution.

Transition-Metal-Free Diarylannulated Sulfide and Selenide Construction via Radical/Anion-Mediated Sulfur-Iodine and Selenium-Iodine Exchange.

PubMed

Wang, Ming; Fan, Qiaoling; Jiang, Xuefeng

2016-11-04

A facile, straightforward protocol was established for diarylannulated sulfide and selenide construction through S-I and Se-I exchange without transition metal assistance. Elemental sulfur and selenium served as the chalcogen source. Diarylannulated sulfides were systematically achieved from a five- to eight-membered ring. A trisulfur radical anion was demonstrated as the initiator for this radical process via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) study. OFET molecules [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT) and [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzoselenophene (BTBS) were efficiently established.

Simultaneous quantitative analysis of arsenic, bismuth, selenium, and tellurium in soil samples using multi-channel hydride-generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry.

PubMed

Wang, Fang; Zhang, Gai

2011-03-01

The basic principles and the application of hydride-generation multi-channel atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-MC-AFS) in soil analysis are described. It is generally understood that only one or two elements can be simultaneously detected by commonly used one- or two-channel HG-AFS. In this work, a new sample-sensitive and effective method for the analysis of arsenic, bismuth, tellurium, and selenium in soil samples by simultaneous detection using HG-MC-AFS was developed. The method detection limits for arsenic, bismuth, tellurium, and selenium are 0.19 μg/g, 0.10 μg/g, 0.11 μg/g, and 0.08 μg/g, respectively. This method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of arsenic, bismuth, tellurium, and selenium in soil samples.

Structural investigations of bismuth lead borosilicate glasses under the influence of gamma irradiation through ultrasonic studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bootjomchai, Cherdsak; Laopaiboon, Jintana; Laopaiboon, Raewat

2012-04-01

The ultrasonic velocity measurements for different compositions of irradiated bismuth lead borosilicate glasses xBi2O3-(50-x)PbO-20B2O3-30SiO2 (x=2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mol.%) were performed at room temperature using pulse-echo technique. Densities of glass samples were measured by Archimedes' principle using n-hexane as the immersion liquid. The results from the studies show that ultrasonic velocity, elastic moduli, Poisson's ratio, microhardness, and the Debye temperature increase with increasing bismuth oxide content and increasing gamma-radiation dose (3-12 Gy).

Solid-state reaction synthesis for mixed-phase Eu3+-doped bismuth molybdate and its luminescence properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liang, Danyang; Ding, Yu; Wang, Nan; Cai, Xiaomeng; Li, Jia; Han, Linyu; Wang, Shiqi; Han, Yuanyuan; Jia, Guang; Wang, Liyong

2017-09-01

A method for mixed-phase bismuth molybdate doped with Eu3+ ions was developed by solid-state reaction assisting with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The results of powder X-ray diffraction showed a mixed-phase structure and the microscopical characterization technology revealed the formation process with the addition of PVA. As a structure inducer, the PVA molecules played a vital role in the formation of phase structure. The as-obtained Eu3+-doped bismuth molybdates were also characterized by using different spectroscopic techniques including FTIR and photoluminescence (PL). The results show that doping concentration, PVA addition and calcination temperature affect photoluminescence properties remarkably.

Ternary lanthanum sulfide selenides {alpha}-LaS{sub 2-x}Se{sub x} (0

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bartsch, Christian; Doert, Thomas, E-mail: thomas.doert@chemie.tu-dresden.de

2012-01-15

Mixed lanthanum sulfide selenides LaS{sub 2-x}Se{sub x} (0selenides. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Vegard series of mixed lanthanum sulfide selenides LaS{sub 2-x}Se{sub x} (0

Solar Light Responsive Photocatalytic Activity of Reduced Graphene Oxide-Zinc Selenide Nanocomposite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chakraborty, Koushik; Ibrahim, Sk; Das, Poulomi; Ghosh, Surajit; Pal, Tanusri

2017-10-01

Solution processable reduced graphene oxide-zinc selenide (RGO-ZnSe) nanocomposite has been successfully synthesized by an easy one-pot single-step solvothermal reaction. The RGO-ZnSe composite was characterized structurally and morphologically by the study of XRD analysis, SEM and TEM imaging. Reduction in graphene oxide was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy analysis. Photocatalytic efficiency of RGO-ZnSe composite was investigated toward the degradation of Rhodamine B under solar light irradiation. Our study indicates that the RGO-ZnSe composite is catalytically more active compared to the controlled-ZnSe under the solar light illumination. Here, RGO plays an important role for photoinduced charge separation and subsequently hinders the electron-hole recombination probability that consequently enhances photocatalytic degradation efficiency. We expect that this type of RGO-based optoelectronics materials opens up a new avenue in the field of photocatalytic degradation of different organic water pollutants.

Phonon-driven electron scattering and magnetothermoelectric effect in two-dimensional tin selenide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Kaike; Ren, Ji-Chang; Qiu, Hongfei; Wang, Jian-Sheng

2018-02-01

The bulk tin selenide (SnSe) is the best thermoelectric material currently with the highest figure-of-merit due to strong phonon-phonon interactions. We investigate the effect of electron-phonon coupling (EPC) on the transport properties of a two-dimensional (2D) SnSe sheet. We demonstrate that EPC plays a key role in the scattering rate when the constant relaxation time approximation is deficient. The EPC strength is especially large in contrast to that of pristine graphene. The scattering rate depends sensitively on the system temperatures and the carrier densities when the Fermi energy approaches the band edge. We also investigate the magnetothermoelectric effect of the 2D SnSe. It is found that at low temperatures there is enormous magnetoelectrical resistivity and magnetothermal resistivity above 200%, suggesting possible potential applications in device design. Our results agree qualitatively well with the experimental data.

Phase diagram of (Li(1-x)Fe(x))OHFeSe: a bridge between iron selenide and arsenide superconductors.

PubMed

Dong, Xiaoli; Zhou, Huaxue; Yang, Huaixin; Yuan, Jie; Jin, Kui; Zhou, Fang; Yuan, Dongna; Wei, Linlin; Li, Jianqi; Wang, Xinqiang; Zhang, Guangming; Zhao, Zhongxian

2015-01-14

Previous experimental results have shown important differences between iron selenide and arsenide superconductors which seem to suggest that the high-temperature superconductivity in these two subgroups of iron-based families may arise from different electronic ground states. Here we report the complete phase diagram of a newly synthesized superconducting (SC) system, (Li1-xFex)OHFeSe, with a structure similar to that of FeAs-based superconductors. In the non-SC samples, an antiferromagnetic (AFM) spin-density-wave (SDW) transition occurs at ∼127 K. This is the first example to demonstrate such an SDW phase in an FeSe-based superconductor system. Transmission electron microscopy shows that a well-known √5×√5 iron vacancy ordered state, resulting in an AFM order at ∼500 K in AyFe2-xSe2 (A = metal ions) superconductor systems, is absent in both non-SC and SC samples, but a unique superstructure with a modulation wave vector q = (1)/2(1,1,0), identical to that seen in the SC phase of KyFe2-xSe2, is dominant in the optimal SC sample (with an SC transition temperature Tc = 40 K). Hence, we conclude that the high-Tc superconductivity in (Li1-xFex)OHFeSe stems from the similarly weak AFM fluctuations as FeAs-based superconductors, suggesting a universal physical picture for both iron selenide and arsenide superconductors.

An on-line system using ion-imprinted polymer for preconcentration and determination of bismuth in seawater employing atomic fluorescence spectrometry.

PubMed

Felix, Caio S A; Silva, Darllen G; Andrade, Heloysa M C; Riatto, Valeria B; Victor, Mauricio M; Ferreira, Sergio L C

2018-07-01

This work proposes an on-line preconcentration system using ion-imprinted polymer (IIP) for determination of bismuth in seawater employing atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). The polymer was synthesized using 2- (5-bromo-2-pyridylazo) -5-diethylaminophenol (Br-PADAP) for complex formation, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), cross-linking reagent and methacrylic acid (AMA) reagents, used as the functional monomer, 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile was used as the radical initiator. The polymer was characterized employing the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The determination of bismuth was performed employing hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG AFS) and the experimental conditions were optimized using a Box Behnken design involving the factors sample pH, eluent concentration and sodium tetrahydroborate concentration. So, using the optimized conditions the system allows the determination of bismuth with limits of detection and quantification of 26 and 88 ng L -1 , a preconcentration factor of 19.8. All these parameters were determined using a sample volume of 25 mL. The precision expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD%) was 3.7% for a bismuth(III) solution of concentration 0.25 µg L -1 . The system proposed was applied for the determination of bismuth in four seawater samples collected in Salvador City, Bahia State, Brazil. The concentrations obtained varied from 0.38 to 0.45 μg L -1 . The accuracy was evaluated by addition/recovery test, and the recoveries found varied from 92% to 101%. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Bismuth Based Hybrid Perovskites A3Bi2 I9 (A: Methylammonium or Cesium) for Solar Cell Application.

PubMed

Park, Byung-Wook; Philippe, Bertrand; Zhang, Xiaoliang; Rensmo, Håkan; Boschloo, Gerrit; Johansson, Erik M J

2015-11-18

Low-toxic bismuth-based perovskites are prepared for the possible replacement of lead perovskite in solar cells. The perovskites have a hexagonal crystalline phase and light absorption in the visible region. A power conversion efficiency of over 1% is obtained for a solar cell with Cs3 Bi2 I9 perovskite, and it is concluded that bismuth perovskites have very promising properties for further development in solar cells. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

SEPARATION OF POLONIUM, PROTACTINIUM OR MIXTURES THEREOF IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION FROM BISMUTH, LEAD, ZIRCONIUM AND/OR COLUMBIUM VALUES

DOEpatents

Van Winkle, Q.; Kraus, K.A.

1959-10-27

A process is presented for separating polonium, protactinium, or mixtures thereof in aqueous solution from bismuth, zirconium, lead, and niobium values contained in the solution. The method comprises providing hydrochloric acid in the solution in a concentration of at least 5N. contacting the aqueous solution with a substantially waterimmiscible organic solvent such as diisopropyl ketone, and separating the aqueous phase containing the bismuth, zirconium, lead, and niobium from the organic extract phase containing the polonium, protactinium, or mixture thereof.

First-line Bismuth-containing Five-day Concomitant Quintuple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication.

PubMed

Dolapcioglu, Can; Sayiner, Mehmet; Akkus, Esra Elif; Kural, Abdulaziz; Dolapcioglu, Hatice; Dabak, Resat; Ahishali, Emel

2016-04-01

Widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in increased rates of antibiotic resistance and decreased rates of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication, leading to a search for newer therapeutic options. This study aimed to examine the efficacy, tolerability, and patient compliance of a first-line bismuth-containing 5-day concomitant quintuple therapy. This prospective study included 144 eradication treatment naïve H. pylori positive patients with dyspeptic complaints. Patients received the following concomitant quintuple therapy for 5 days: bismuth subcitrate 300 mg q.i.d, omeprazole 20 mg b.i.d, clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d., amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d., and metronidazole 500 mg t.i.d. Eradication was assessed with H. pylori stool antigen test or urea-breath test 6 weeks after the completion of therapy. Treatment compliance rate in this study was 97.2%. Intention to treat and per-protocol eradication rates were 134/144 (93.1%, 95% CI, 88.9-97.2) and 134/140 (95.7%, 95% CI, 92.2-98.6), respectively. Side effect was reported by 8.5% of the patients that attended follow-up visits, including epigastric pain (2.8%), nausea/vomiting (2.1%), diarrhea (1.4%), taste disturbance (1.4%), and fatigue (0.7%). Bismuth-containing, short course, quintuple concomitant therapy appears to be an effective and safe therapeutic option for the first-line H. pylori eradication, particularly in populations with high resistance. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Lifshitz topological transitions, induced by doping and deformation in single-crystal bismuth wires

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nikolaeva, A. A.; Konopko, L. A.; Huber, T. E.; Kobylianskaya, A. K.; Para, Gh. I.

2017-02-01

The features associated with the manifestation of Lifshitz electron topological transitions (ETT) in glass-insulated bismuth wires upon qualitative changes to the topology of the Fermi surface are investigated. The variation of the energy spectrum parameters was implemented by doping Bi with an acceptor impurity Sn and using elastic strain of up to 2%, relative to the elongation in the weakly-doped p-type Bi wires. Pure and doped glass-insulated single-crystal bismuth with different diameters and (1011) orientations along the axis were prepared by the Ulitovsky liquid phase casting method. For the first time, ETT-induced anomalies are observed along the temperature dependences of the thermoemf α(T) as triple-changes of the α sign (given heavy doping of Bi wires with an acceptor impurity Sn). The concentration and energy position of the Σ-band given a high degree of bismuth doping with Sn was assessed using the Shubnikov-de Haas effect oscillations, which were detected both from L-electrons and from T-holes in magnetic fields of up to 14 T. It is shown that the Lifshitz electron-topological transitions with elastic deformation of weakly-doped p-type Bi wires are accompanied by anomalies along the deformation dependences of the thermoemf at low temperatures. The effect is interpreted in terms of the formation of a selective scattering channel of L-carriers into the T-band with a high density of states, which is in good agreement with existing theoretical ETT models.

Compositional dependence of optical band gap and refractive index in lead and bismuth borate glasses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mallur, Saisudha B.; Czarnecki, Tyler; Adhikari, Ashish

2015-08-15

Highlights: • Refractive indices increase with increasing PbO/Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3} content. • Optical band gap arises due to direct forbidden transition. • Optical band gaps decrease with increasing PbO/Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3} content. • New empirical relation between the optical band gap and the refractive index. - Abstract: We prepared a series of lead and bismuth borate glasses by varying PbO/Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3} content and studied refractive index and optical band gap as a function of glass composition. Refractive indices were measured very accurately using a Brewster’s angle set up while the optical band gaps were determined by analyzing the opticalmore » absorption edge using the Mott–Davis model. Using the Lorentz–Lorentz method and the effective medium theory, we calculated the refractive indices and then compared them with the measured values. Bismuth borate glasses show better agreement between the calculated values of the refractive index and experimental values. We used a differential method based on Mott–Davis model to obtain the type of transition and optical band gap (E{sub opt}) which in turn was compared with the value of E{sub opt} obtained using the extinction coefficient. Our analysis shows that in both lead and bismuth borate glasses, the optical band gap arises due to direct forbidden transition. With increasing PbO/Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3} content, the absorption edge shifts toward longer wavelengths and the optical band gap decreases. This behavior can be explained in terms of changes to the Pb−O/Bi−O chemical bonds with glass composition. We obtained a new empirical relation between the optical band gap and the refractive index which can be used to accurately determine the electronic oxide polarizability in lead and bismuth oxide glasses.« less

Calcium-bismuth electrodes for large-scale energy storage (liquid metal batteries)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Hojong; Boysen, Dane A.; Ouchi, Takanari; Sadoway, Donald R.

2013-11-01

Calcium is an attractive electrode material for use in grid-scale electrochemical energy storage due to its low electronegativity, earth abundance, and low cost. The feasibility of combining a liquid Ca-Bi positive electrode with a molten salt electrolyte for use in liquid metal batteries at 500-700 °C was investigated. Exhibiting excellent reversibility up to current densities of 200 mA cm-2, the calcium-bismuth liquid alloy system is a promising positive electrode candidate for liquid metal batteries. The measurement of low self-discharge current suggests that the solubility of calcium metal in molten salt electrolytes can be sufficiently suppressed to yield high coulombic efficiencies >98%. The mechanisms giving rise to Ca-Bi electrode overpotentials were investigated in terms of associated charge transfer and mass transport resistances. The formation of low density Ca11Bi10 intermetallics at the electrode-electrolyte interface limited the calcium deposition rate capability of the electrodes; however, the co-deposition of barium into bismuth from barium-containing molten salts suppressed Ca-Bi intermetallic formation thereby improving the discharge capacity.

Capacity extended bismuth-antimony cathode for high-performance liquid metal battery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dai, Tao; Zhao, Yue; Ning, Xiao-Hui; Lakshmi Narayan, R.; Li, Ju; Shan, Zhi-wei

2018-03-01

Li-Bi based liquid metal batteries (LMBs) have attracted interest due to their potential for solving grid scale energy storage problems. In this study, the feasibility of replacing the bismuth cathode with a bismuth-antimony alloy cathode in lithium based LMBs is investigated. The influence of the Bi:Sb ratio on voltage characteristics is evaluated via the constant current discharge method and electrochemical titration. On observing the cross section of the electrode at various stages of discharge, it is determined that both Sb and Bi form solid intermetallics with Li on the cathode. Additionally, the addition of Bi not only reduces the melting temperature of the Bi:Sb intermetallic but also actively contributes to the electrode capacity. Thereafter, a Li|LiCl-LiF|Sb-Bi liquid metal battery with 3 A h nameplate capacity, assembled and cycled at 1 C rate, is found to possess a stable capacity for over 160 cycles. The overall performance of this battery is discussed in the context of cost effectiveness, energy and coulombic efficiencies.

REMOVAL OF CERTAIN FISSION PRODUCT METALS FROM LIQUID BISMUTH COMPOSITIONS

DOEpatents

Dwyer, O.E.; Howe, H.E.; Avrutik, E.R.

1959-11-24

A method is described for purifying a solution of urarium in liquid bismuth containing at least one metal from the group consisting of selenium, tellurium, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, niobium, and zirconium. The solution is contacted with zinc in an inert atmosphere to form a homogeneous melt, a solid zinc phase is formed, and the zinc phase containing the metal is separated from the melt.

High precision hyperfine measurements in Bismuth challenge bound-state strong-field QED

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ullmann, Johannes; Andelkovic, Zoran; Brandau, Carsten; Dax, Andreas; Geithner, Wolfgang; Geppert, Christopher; Gorges, Christian; Hammen, Michael; Hannen, Volker; Kaufmann, Simon; König, Kristian; Litvinov, Yuri A.; Lochmann, Matthias; Maaß, Bernhard; Meisner, Johann; Murböck, Tobias; Sánchez, Rodolfo; Schmidt, Matthias; Schmidt, Stefan; Steck, Markus; Stöhlker, Thomas; Thompson, Richard C.; Trageser, Christian; Vollbrecht, Jonas; Weinheimer, Christian; Nörtershäuser, Wilfried

2017-05-01

Electrons bound in highly charged heavy ions such as hydrogen-like bismuth 209Bi82+ experience electromagnetic fields that are a million times stronger than in light atoms. Measuring the wavelength of light emitted and absorbed by these ions is therefore a sensitive testing ground for quantum electrodynamical (QED) effects and especially the electron-nucleus interaction under such extreme conditions. However, insufficient knowledge of the nuclear structure has prevented a rigorous test of strong-field QED. Here we present a measurement of the so-called specific difference between the hyperfine splittings in hydrogen-like and lithium-like bismuth 209Bi82+,80+ with a precision that is improved by more than an order of magnitude. Even though this quantity is believed to be largely insensitive to nuclear structure and therefore the most decisive test of QED in the strong magnetic field regime, we find a 7-σ discrepancy compared with the theoretical prediction.

High precision hyperfine measurements in Bismuth challenge bound-state strong-field QED.

PubMed

Ullmann, Johannes; Andelkovic, Zoran; Brandau, Carsten; Dax, Andreas; Geithner, Wolfgang; Geppert, Christopher; Gorges, Christian; Hammen, Michael; Hannen, Volker; Kaufmann, Simon; König, Kristian; Litvinov, Yuri A; Lochmann, Matthias; Maaß, Bernhard; Meisner, Johann; Murböck, Tobias; Sánchez, Rodolfo; Schmidt, Matthias; Schmidt, Stefan; Steck, Markus; Stöhlker, Thomas; Thompson, Richard C; Trageser, Christian; Vollbrecht, Jonas; Weinheimer, Christian; Nörtershäuser, Wilfried

2017-05-16

Electrons bound in highly charged heavy ions such as hydrogen-like bismuth 209 Bi 82+ experience electromagnetic fields that are a million times stronger than in light atoms. Measuring the wavelength of light emitted and absorbed by these ions is therefore a sensitive testing ground for quantum electrodynamical (QED) effects and especially the electron-nucleus interaction under such extreme conditions. However, insufficient knowledge of the nuclear structure has prevented a rigorous test of strong-field QED. Here we present a measurement of the so-called specific difference between the hyperfine splittings in hydrogen-like and lithium-like bismuth 209 Bi 82+,80+ with a precision that is improved by more than an order of magnitude. Even though this quantity is believed to be largely insensitive to nuclear structure and therefore the most decisive test of QED in the strong magnetic field regime, we find a 7-σ discrepancy compared with the theoretical prediction.

High precision hyperfine measurements in Bismuth challenge bound-state strong-field QED

PubMed Central

Ullmann, Johannes; Andelkovic, Zoran; Brandau, Carsten; Dax, Andreas; Geithner, Wolfgang; Geppert, Christopher; Gorges, Christian; Hammen, Michael; Hannen, Volker; Kaufmann, Simon; König, Kristian; Litvinov, Yuri A.; Lochmann, Matthias; Maaß, Bernhard; Meisner, Johann; Murböck, Tobias; Sánchez, Rodolfo; Schmidt, Matthias; Schmidt, Stefan; Steck, Markus; Stöhlker, Thomas; Thompson, Richard C.; Trageser, Christian; Vollbrecht, Jonas; Weinheimer, Christian; Nörtershäuser, Wilfried

2017-01-01

Electrons bound in highly charged heavy ions such as hydrogen-like bismuth 209Bi82+ experience electromagnetic fields that are a million times stronger than in light atoms. Measuring the wavelength of light emitted and absorbed by these ions is therefore a sensitive testing ground for quantum electrodynamical (QED) effects and especially the electron–nucleus interaction under such extreme conditions. However, insufficient knowledge of the nuclear structure has prevented a rigorous test of strong-field QED. Here we present a measurement of the so-called specific difference between the hyperfine splittings in hydrogen-like and lithium-like bismuth 209Bi82+,80+ with a precision that is improved by more than an order of magnitude. Even though this quantity is believed to be largely insensitive to nuclear structure and therefore the most decisive test of QED in the strong magnetic field regime, we find a 7-σ discrepancy compared with the theoretical prediction. PMID:28508892

Bismuth Titanate Fabricated by Spray-on Deposition and Microwave Sintering For High-Temperature Ultrasonic Transducers.

PubMed

Searfass, Clifford T; Pheil, C; Sinding, K; Tittmann, B R; Baba, A; Agrawal, D K

2016-01-01

Thick films of ferroelectric bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12) have been fabricated by spray-on deposition in conjunction with microwave sintering for use as high-temperature ultrasonic transducers. The elastic modulus, density, permittivity, and conductivity of the films were characterized. Electro-mechanical properties of the films were estimated with a commercial d33 meter which gave 16 pC/N. This value is higher than typically reported for bulk bismuth titanate; however, these films withstand higher field strengths during poling which is correlated with higher d33 values. Films were capable of operating at 650 °C for roughly 5 min before depoling and can operate at 600 °C for at least 7 days.

Influence of bismuth oxide concentration on the pH level and biocompatibility of white Portland cement.

PubMed

Marciano, Marina Angélica; Garcia, Roberto Brandão; Cavenago, Bruno Cavalini; Minotti, Paloma Gagliardi; Midena, Raquel Zanin; Guimarães, Bruno Martini; Ordinola-Zapata, Ronald; Duarte, Marco Antonio Hungaro

2014-01-01

To investigate if there is a relation between the increase of bismuth oxide and the decrease of pH levels and an intensification of toxicity in the Portland cement. White Portland cement (WPC) was mixed with 0, 15, 20, 30 and 50% bismuth oxide, in weight. For the pH level test, polyethylene tubes were filled with the cements and immersed in Milli-Q water for 15, 30 and 60 days. After each period, the increase of the pH level was assessed. For the biocompatibility, two polyethylene tubes filled with the cements were implanted in ninety albino rats (n=6). The analysis of the intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate was performed after 15, 30 and 60 days. The statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn and Friedman tests for the pH level and the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests for the biological analysis (p<0.05). The results showed an increase of the pH level after 15 days, followed by a slight increase after 30 days and a decrease after 60 days. There were no significant statistical differences among the groups (p>0.05). For the inflammatory infiltrates, no significant statistical differences were found among the groups in each period (p>0.05). The 15% WPC showed a significant decrease of the inflammatory infiltrate from 15 to 30 and 60 days (p<0.05). The addition of bismuth oxide into Portland cement did not affect the pH level and the biological response. The concentration of 15% of bismuth oxide resulted in significant reduction in inflammatory response in comparison with the other concentrations evaluated.

Liquid Bismuth Propellant Management System for the Very High Specific Impulse Thruster with Anode Layer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Polzin, K. A.; Markusic, T. E.; Stanojev, B. J.

2007-01-01

Two prototype bismuth propellant feed systems were constructed and operated in conjunction with a propellant vaporizer. One system provided bismuth to a vaporizer using gas pressurization but did not include a means to measure the flow rate. The second system incorporated an electromagnetic pump to provide fine control of the hydrostatic pressure and a new type of in-line flow sensor that was developed for accurate, real-time measurement of the mass flow rate. High-temperature material compatibility was a driving design requirement for the pump and flow sensor, leading to the selection of Macor for the main body of both components. Posttest inspections of both components revealed no degradation of the material. The gas pressurization system demonstrated continuous pressure control over a range from zero to 200 torr. In separate proof-of-concept experiments, the electromagnetic pump produced a linear pressure rise as a function of current that compared favorably with theoretical pump pressure predictions, producing a pressure rise of 10 kPa at 30 A. Preliminary flow sensor operation indicated a bismuth flow rate of 6 mg/s with an uncertainty of plus or minus 6%. An electronics suite containing a real-time controller was successfully used to control the entire system, simultaneously monitoring all power supplies and performing data acquisition duties.

Radiation dose reduction to the breast in thoracic CT: Comparison of bismuth shielding, organ-based tube current modulation, and use of a globally decreased tube current

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang Jia; Duan Xinhui; Christner, Jodie A.

2011-11-15

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to evaluate dose performance and image quality in thoracic CT using three techniques to reduce dose to the breast: bismuth shielding, organ-based tube current modulation (TCM) and global tube current reduction. Methods: Semi-anthropomorphic thorax phantoms of four different sizes (15, 30, 35, and 40 cm lateral width) were used for dose measurement and image quality assessment. Four scans were performed on each phantom using 100 or 120 kV with a clinical CT scanner: (1) reference scan; (2) scan with bismuth breast shield of an appropriate thickness; (3) scan with organ-based TCM; and (4)more » scan with a global reduction in tube current chosen to match the dose reduction from bismuth shielding. Dose to the breast was measured with an ion chamber on the surface of the phantom. Image quality was evaluated by measuring the mean and standard deviation of CT numbers within the lung and heart regions. Results: Compared to the reference scan, dose to the breast region was decreased by about 21% for the 15-cm phantom with a pediatric (2-ply) shield and by about 37% for the 30, 35, and 40-cm phantoms with adult (4-ply) shields. Organ-based TCM decreased the dose by 12% for the 15-cm phantom, and 34-39% for the 30, 35, and 40-cm phantoms. Global lowering of the tube current reduced breast dose by 23% for the 15-cm phantom and 39% for the 30, 35, and 40-cm phantoms. In phantoms of all four sizes, image noise was increased in both the lung and heart regions with bismuth shielding. No significant increase in noise was observed with organ-based TCM. Decreasing tube current globally led to similar noise increases as bismuth shielding. Streak and beam hardening artifacts, and a resulting artifactual increase in CT numbers, were observed for scans with bismuth shields, but not for organ-based TCM or global tube current reduction. Conclusions: Organ-based TCM produces dose reduction to the breast similar to that achieved with bismuth shielding

Control of p-type and n-type thermoelectric properties of bismuth telluride thin films by combinatorial sputter coating technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goto, Masahiro; Sasaki, Michiko; Xu, Yibin; Zhan, Tianzhuo; Isoda, Yukihiro; Shinohara, Yoshikazu

2017-06-01

p- and n-type bismuth telluride thin films have been synthesized by using a combinatorial sputter coating system (COSCOS). The crystal structure and crystal preferred orientation of the thin films were changed by controlling the coating condition of the radio frequency (RF) power during the sputter coating. As a result, the p- and n-type films and their dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) were optimized by the technique. The properties of the thin films such as the crystal structure, crystal preferred orientation, material composition and surface morphology were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Also, the thermoelectric properties of the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity were measured. ZT for n- and p-type bismuth telluride thin films was found to be 0.27 and 0.40 at RF powers of 90 and 120 W, respectively. The proposed technology can be used to fabricate thermoelectric p-n modules of bismuth telluride without any doping process.

Laser-generated bismuth nanoparticles for applications in imaging and radiotherapy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Torrisi, L.; Silipigni, L.; Restuccia, N.; Cuzzocrea, S.; Cutroneo, M.; Barreca, F.; Fazio, B.; Di Marco, G.; Guglielmino, S.

2018-08-01

Bismuth nanoparticles were obtained by laser ablation in water and characterized by using different physical techniques. Their shape, estimated by SEM measurements, was approximately spherical with an average diameter of about 25 nm, and a solution concentration of about 0.8 mg/ml was prepared. The formation of pure Bi nanoparticles was also confirmed by micro-Raman spectra which showed the characteristic first order Raman modes of rhombohedral bismuth. The presence of this phase was also supported by the XRD pattern. The EDX analysis indicated that the as-prepared nanoparticles contained Bi metallic element. The high Z of the nanoparticles in the solution shows effects of surface plasmon resonance in the near ultraviolet and visible regions, high mass absorption coefficient for X-ray interaction and high electronic and nuclear stopping powers for electron and ion beams. Such biocompatible solution can be injected in living systems, such as mice, in order to study the presence of uptake in different organs with high contrast spatial localization in the tissues where Bi nanoparticles are confined. The results indicate that Bi nanoparticles can be employed as high contrast medium for high resolution imaging in biological systems as well as target for exposition to ionizing radiation during radiotherapy or to visible light during hyperthermia of diseased cells.

Behaviour of F82H mod. stainless steel in lead-bismuth under temperature gradient

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gómez Briceño, D.; Martín Muñoz, F. J.; Soler Crespo, L.; Esteban, F.; Torres, C.

2001-07-01

Austenitic steels can be used in a hybrid system in contact with liquid lead-bismuth eutectic if the region of operating temperatures is not beyond 400°C. For higher temperatures, martensitic steels are recommended. However, at long times, the interaction between the structural material and the eutectic leads to the dissolution of some elements of the steel (Ni, Cr and Fe, mainly) in the liquid metal. In a non-isothermal lead-bismuth loop, the material dissolution takes place at the hot leg of the circuit and, due to the mass transfer, deposition occurs at the cold leg. One of the possible ways to improve the performance of structural materials in lead-bismuth is the creation of an oxide layer. Tests have been performed in a small natural convection loop built of austenitic steel (316L) that has been operating for 3000 h. This loop contains a test area in which several samples of F82Hmod. martensitic steel have been tested at different times. A gas with an oxygen content of 10 ppm was bubbled in the hot area of the circuit during the operation time. The obtained results show that an oxide layer is formed on the samples introduced in the loop at the beginning of the operation and this layer increases with time. However, the samples introduced at different times during the loop operation, are not protected by oxide layers and present material dissolution in some cases.

Dental discoloration caused by bismuth oxide in MTA in the presence of sodium hypochlorite.

PubMed

Marciano, Marina Angélica; Duarte, Marco Antonio Hungaro; Camilleri, Josette

2015-12-01

The aim of this research was to analyse the dental discolouration caused by mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) induced by bismuth oxide and also assess the colour stability of other dental cements. Bismuth oxide, calcium tungstate and zirconium oxide were placed in contact with sodium hypochlorite for 24 h after which they were dried and photographed. Phase analyses were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) of radiopacifiers before and after immersion in sodium hypochlorite. Furthermore, teeth previously immersed in water or sodium hypochlorite were filled with MTA Angelus, Portland cement (PC), PC with 20 % zirconium oxide, PC with 20 % calcium tungstate and Biodentine. Teeth were immersed for 28 days in Hank's balanced salt solution after which they were sectioned and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive mapping and stereomicroscopy. Bismuth oxide in contact with sodium hypochlorite exhibited a change in colour from light yellow to dark brown. XRD analysis demonstrated peaks for radiopacifier and sodium chloride in samples immersed in sodium hypochlorite. The SEM images of the dentine to material interface showed alteration in material microstructure for MTA Angelus and Biodentine with depletion in calcium content in the material. The energy-dispersive maps showed migration of radiopacifier and silicon in dentine. MTA Angelus in contact with a tooth previously immersed in sodium hypochlorite resulted in colour alteration at the cement/dentine interface. MTA Angelus should not be used after irrigation with sodium hypochlorite as this will result in tooth discoloration.

Polonium problem in lead-bismuth flow target

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pankratov, D.V.; Yefimov, E.I.; Bugreev, M.I.

1996-06-01

Alpha-active polonium nuclides Po198 - Po210 are formed in a lead-bismuth target as results of reactions Bi{sup 209}(n,{gamma})Bi{sup 210} {yields} Po{sup 210}, Bi{sup 209}(p,xn)Po{sup 210} {yields} Po{sup 210 {minus} x} (x = 1-12), Pb{sup 208}({alpha},xn) {yields} Po{sup 210 {minus} x + 2} (x = 2-14). The most important nuclides are Po-210 (T{sub {1/2}}=138.4 day), Po-209 (T{sub {1/2}}=102 years) and Po-208 (T{sub {1/2}}=2.9 years). Polonium activity of the circuit for SINQ - conditions is about 15,000 Ci after 1-year operation. Polonium radiation hazard is connected with its output from the coolant and formation of aerosol and surface alpha-activity after the circuitmore » break-down for repair works or in accidents. One of the important issues of polonium removal system creation is containing and storing polonium removed. Its storage in solidified alkaline is not expedient because of secondary neutron formation as a result of ({alpha},n) - reaction on oxygen and sodium nucleus. The estimations carried out demonstrated that by polonium concentration {approx} 100 Ci/l neutron current on the container surface can reach {approx} 10{sup 4}n/(cm{sup 2}s). Concentration and storage of polonium in solidified lead-bisumth seems the most convenient. The calculations demonstrated that in a 100 l container 50,000 Ci of polonium can be stored (as much as 3 times more than 1-year polonium product in SINQ-conditions) under temperature in the container less than melting point of lead bismuth (the wall temperature is about 100{degrees}C).« less

Dynamic behavior of pump light radiation induced photo-bleaching effect on BAC-Si in bismuth/erbium co-doped optical fibers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ding, Mingjie; Luo, Yanhua; Wen, Jianxiang; Peng, Gang-Ding

2018-02-01

Ultra-wide emission in bismuth doped optical fiber has been extremely studied for the development of the laser and amplifier working at near infrared band. In our homemade bismuth/erbium co-doped optical fiber, bismuth active center associated with silica (BAC-Si) has been found that when pumping at its resonant wavelength at 830 nm the NIR emission could be partially bleached. In addition, a self-recovery process has been observed at room temperature. However, the exact mechanism is still unclear. In this work, we have investigated the photo-bleaching effect on the BAC-Si via the pump power, pump wavelength and temperature dependence. Based on analyzing the result using stretched exponential function, it shows that the bleaching effect on BAC-Si has a strong link with the excitation process of Bi ion in BAC-Si. A potential energy curve model is used to illustrate the BAC-Si photo-bleaching process.

Two-dimensional ferroelectric topological insulators in functionalized atomically thin bismuth layers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kou, Liangzhi; Fu, Huixia; Ma, Yandong; Yan, Binghai; Liao, Ting; Du, Aijun; Chen, Changfeng

2018-02-01

We introduce a class of two-dimensional (2D) materials that possess coexisting ferroelectric and topologically insulating orders. Such ferroelectric topological insulators (FETIs) occur in noncentrosymmetric atomic layer structures with strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC). We showcase a prototype 2D FETI in an atomically thin bismuth layer functionalized by C H2OH , which exhibits a large ferroelectric polarization that is switchable by a ligand molecule rotation mechanism and a strong SOC that drives a band inversion leading to the topologically insulating state. An external electric field that switches the ferroelectric polarization also tunes the spin texture in the underlying atomic lattice. Moreover, the functionalized bismuth layer exhibits an additional quantum order driven by the valley splitting at the K and K' points in the Brillouin zone stemming from the symmetry breaking and strong SOC in the system, resulting in a remarkable state of matter with the simultaneous presence of the quantum spin Hall and quantum valley Hall effect. These phenomena are predicted to exist in other similarly constructed 2D FETIs, thereby offering a unique quantum material platform for discovering novel physics and exploring innovative applications.

Design of alumina forming FeCrAl steels for lead or lead-bismuth cooled fast reactors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lim, Jun; Hwang, Il Soon; Kim, Ji Hyun

2013-10-01

Iron-chromium-aluminum alloys containing 15-20 wt.% Cr and 4-6 wt.% Al have shown excellent corrosion resistance in the temperature range up to 600 °C or higher in liquid lead and lead-bismuth eutectic environments by the formation of protective Al2O3 layers. However, the higher Cr and Al concentrations in ferritic alloys could be problematic because of severe embrittlement in the manufacturing process as well as in service, caused by the formation of brittle phases. For this reason, efforts worldwide have so far mainly focused on the development of aluminizing surface treatments. However, aluminizing surface treatments have major disadvantages of cost, processing difficulties and reliability issues. In this study, a new FeCrAl alloy is proposed for structural materials in lead and lead-bismuth cooled nuclear applications. The alloy design relied on corrosion experiments in high temperature lead and lead-bismuth eutectic environments and computational thermodynamic calculations using the commercial software, JMatPro. The design of new alloys has focused on the optimization of Cr and Al levels for the formation of an external Al2O3 layer which can provide excellent oxidation and corrosion resistance in liquid lead alloys in the temperature range 300-600 °C while still retaining workable mechanical properties.

[The high fermentative capacity of colonic bacteria in the origin of flatulence and its sensibility to bismuth subsalicylate].

PubMed

León-Barúa, Raúl; Alvarez De Roig, Maritza; Roig-Arosemena, Javier; Berendson-Seminario, Roberto; Torres-Zevallos, Hernando

2007-01-01

Using a previously described technique, "in vitro" determinations were carried out for faecal fermentation (FF): basal faecal fermentation (BFF), i.e, only with faeces, with faeces and lactulose (LFF) and with faeces, lactulose and bismuth subsalicylate (BiLFF) in 34 patients with flatulence. The media+d.s. of the difference between the LFFand BFF levels (LFF-BFF) in patients with flatulence was significant and markedly higher than the respective media +d.s. in 30 normal control patients previously studied (9.1+4.7 vs. 3.9+3.2 ml gas/24 hrs; p<0.000001 respectively). And, although FF was reduced by adding bismuth salicylate in only 24% (70.6%) of the patients with flatulence but not in the remaining 10 (29.4%), in total the media+d.s. of the differences between the levels BiLFF and BFF (BiLFFBFF) was significantly lower that the media+d.s. of the differences between the LFF and BFF levels (LFF-BFF) (6.0+4.2 vs 9.1+4.7 ml gas/24 hrs; p<0.01 respectively). These results confirm that: 1) The fermentative capacity of the colonic bacteriae is most likely to be abnormally intense in peoples with flatulence and 2) Bismuth subsalicylate can be useful in the control of excessive colonic fermentation and flatulence; they raise, furthermore, the interesting possibility that we may have found the way to predict when the use of bismuth subsalicylate could be effective in the treatment of a patient with flatulence.

Bismuth(III) 5-sulfosalicylate complexes: structure, solubility and activity against Helicobacter pylori.

PubMed

Andrews, Philip C; Deacon, Glen B; Ferrero, Richard L; Junk, Peter C; Karrar, Abdulgader; Kumar, Ish; MacLellan, Jonathan G

2009-08-28

Treatment of 5-sulfosalicylic acid (H(3)Ssal) with BiPh(3) results in the formation of the first dianionic carboxylate-sulfonate bismuth complex, [PhBi(HSsal)H(2)O](infinity) 1a, and its ethanol analogue [PhBi(HSsal)EtOH](infinity) 1b (space group P2(1)/c), while Bi(OAc)(3) gives the mixed monoanionic and dianionic complex, {[Bi(HSsal)(H(2)Ssal)(H(2)O)(3)](2) x 2 H(2)O}(infinity) 2 (space group P1). The three complexes are all polymeric in the solid state as determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, with extended frameworks constructed from dimeric [Bi(HSsal)](2), 1a and 1b, or from [Bi(HSsal)(H(2)Ssal)](2) units, 2. The heteroleptic bismuth complexes 1a and 2 display remarkable aqueous solubility, 10 and 2.5 mg ml(-1) respectively, resulting in a clear solution of pH 1.5. In contrast, 1b is essentially insoluble in aqueous environments. All three complexes show significant activity against the bacterium Helicobacter pylori of <6.25 microg ml(-1).

Peculiarities of electron density distribution in bismuth chalcogenides, iron pnictides, cuprates and related unconventional superconductors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Orlov, V. G.; Sergeev, G. S.

2018-05-01

With the aim to reveal the origin of instabilities in the electron subsystem of unconventional superconductors, such as stripes or nematic symmetry breaking, electron band structure calculations were performed for a number of bismuth chalcogenides, bismuth oxide, iron pnictides, as well as for Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8, YBa2Cu3O7 and La2CuO4. It was found that bond critical points in the electron density distribution ρ(r) of all the studied compounds were characterized by positive sign of electron density Laplacian evidencing on depletion of electron charge from the area of bond critical points. A correlation was found between the Tc and the value of electron density Laplacian in the strongest bond critical points of superconductors and related substances.

Optoelectronic and low temperature thermoelectric studies on nanostructured thin films of silver gallium selenide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jacob, Rajani; Philip, Rachel Reena; Nazer, Sheeba; Abraham, Anitha; Nair, Sinitha B.; Pradeep, B.; Urmila, K. S.; Okram, G. S.

2014-01-01

Polycrystalline thin films of silver gallium selenide were deposited on ultrasonically cleaned soda lime glass substrates by multi-source vacuum co-evaporation technique. The structural analysis done by X-ray diffraction ascertained the formation of nano structured tetragonal chalcopyrite thin films. The compound formation was confirmed by X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy. Atomic force microscopic technique has been used for surface morphological analysis. Direct allowed band gap ˜1.78eV with high absorption coefficient ˜106/m was estimated from absorbance spectra. Low temperature thermoelectric effects has been investigated in the temperature range 80-330K which manifested an unusual increase in Seebeck coefficient with negligible phonon drag toward the very low and room temperature regime. The electrical resistivity of these n-type films was assessed to be ˜2.6Ωm and the films showed good photo response.

Magneto-photoconductivity of three dimensional topological insulator bismuth telluride

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cao, Bingchen; Eginligil, Mustafa; Yu, Ting

2018-03-01

Magnetic field dependence of the photocurrent in a 3D topological insulator is studied. Among the 3D topological insulators bismuth telluride has unique hexagonal warping and spin texture which has been studied by photoemission, scanning tunnelling microscopy and transport. Here, we report on low temperature magneto-photoconductivity, up to 7 T, of two metallic bismuth telluride topological insulator samples with 68 and 110 nm thicknesses excited by 2.33 eV photon energy along the magnetic field perpendicular to the sample plane. At 4 K, both samples exhibit negative magneto-photoconductance below 4 T, which is as a result of weak-antilocalization of Dirac fermions similar to the previous observations in electrical transport. However the thinner sample shows positive magneto-photoconductance above 4 T. This can be attributed to the coupling of surface states. On the other hand, the thicker sample shows no positive magneto-photoconductance up to 7 T since there is only one surface state at play. By fitting the magneto-photoconductivity data of the thicker sample to the localization formula, we obtain weak antilocalization behaviour at 4, 10, and 20 K, as expected; however, weak localization behaviour at 30 K, which is a sign of surface states masked by bulk states. Also, from the temperature dependence of phase coherence length bulk carrier-carrier interaction is identified separately from the surface states. Therefore, it is possible to distinguish surface states by magneto-photoconductivity at low temperature, even in metallic samples.

Superconducting pairing of topological surface states in bismuth selenide films on niobium

PubMed Central

Zhang, Can; Tsuzuki, Akihiro

2018-01-01

A topological insulator film coupled to a simple isotropic s-wave superconductor substrate can foster helical pairing of the Dirac fermions associated with the topological surface states. Experimental realization of such a system is exceedingly difficult, however using a novel “flip-chip” technique, we have prepared single-crystalline Bi2Se3 films with predetermined thicknesses in terms of quintuple layers (QLs) on top of Nb substrates fresh from in situ cleavage. Our angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements of the film surface disclose superconducting gaps and coherence peaks of similar magnitude for both the topological surface states and bulk states. The ARPES spectral map as a function of temperature and film thickness up to 10 QLs reveals key characteristics relevant to the mechanism of coupling between the topological surface states and the superconducting Nb substrate; the effective coupling length is found to be much larger than the decay length of the topological surface states. PMID:29719866

Atomically thick bismuth selenide freestanding single layers achieving enhanced thermoelectric energy harvesting.

PubMed

Sun, Yongfu; Cheng, Hao; Gao, Shan; Liu, Qinghua; Sun, Zhihu; Xiao, Chong; Wu, Changzheng; Wei, Shiqiang; Xie, Yi

2012-12-19

Thermoelectric materials can realize significant energy savings by generating electricity from untapped waste heat. However, the coupling of the thermoelectric parameters unfortunately limits their efficiency and practical applications. Here, a single-layer-based (SLB) composite fabricated from atomically thick single layers was proposed to optimize the thermoelectric parameters fully. Freestanding five-atom-thick Bi(2)Se(3) single layers were first synthesized via a scalable interaction/exfoliation strategy. As revealed by X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and first-principles calculations, surface distortion gives them excellent structural stability and a much increased density of states, resulting in a 2-fold higher electrical conductivity relative to the bulk material. Also, the surface disorder and numerous interfaces in the Bi(2)Se(3) SLB composite allow for effective phonon scattering and decreased thermal conductivity, while the 2D electron gas and energy filtering effect increase the Seebeck coefficient, resulting in an 8-fold higher figure of merit (ZT) relative to the bulk material. This work develops a facile strategy for synthesizing atomically thick single layers and demonstrates their superior ability to optimize the thermoelectric energy harvesting.

Laboratory-Scale Bismuth Phosphate Extraction Process Simulation To Track Fate of Fission Products

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Serne, R. JEFFREY; Lindberg, Michael J.; Jones, Thomas E.

2007-02-28

Recent field investigation that collected and characterized vadose zone sediments from beneath inactive liquid disposal facilities at the Hanford 200 Areas show lower than expected concentrations of a long-term risk driver, Tc-99. Therefore laboratory studies were performed to re-create one of the three processes that were used to separate the plutonium from spent fuel and that created most of the wastes disposed or currently stored in tanks at Hanford. The laboratory simulations were used to compare with current estimates based mainly on flow sheet estimates and spotty historical data. Three simulations of the bismuth phosphate precipitation process show that lessmore » that 1% of the Tc-99, Cs-135/137, Sr-90, I-129 carry down with the Pu product and thus these isotopes should have remained within the metals waste streams that after neutralization were sent to single shell tanks. Conversely, these isotopes should not be expected to be found in the first and subsequent cycle waste streams that went to cribs. Measurable quantities (~20 to 30%) of the lanthanides, yttrium, and trivalent actinides (Am and Cm) do precipitate with the Pu product, which is higher than the 10% estimate made for current inventory projections. Surprisingly, Se (added as selenate form) also shows about 10% association with the Pu/bismuth phosphate solids. We speculate that the incorporation of some Se into the bismuth phosphate precipitate is caused by selenate substitution into crystal lattice sites for the phosphate. The bulk of the U daughter product Th-234 and Np-237 daughter product Pa-233 also associate with the solids. We suspect that the Pa daughter products of U (Pa-234 and Pa-231) would also co-precipitate with the bismuth phosphate induced solids. No more than 1 % of the Sr-90 and Sb-125 should carry down with the Pu product that ultimately was purified. Thus the current scheme used to estimate where fission products end up being disposed overestimates by one order of magnitude

Solution combustion synthesis and characterization of nanosized bismuth ferrite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sai Kumar, V. Sesha; Rao, K. Venkateswara; Krishnaveni, T.; Kishore Goud, A. Shiva; Reddy, P. Ranjith

2012-06-01

The present paper describes a simple method of nanosized BiFeO3 by the solution combustion synthesis using bismuth and iron nitrates as oxidizers and the combination fuel of citric acid and ammonium hydroxide, with fuel to oxidizer ratio (Ψ = 1) one. The X-ray Diffraction results indicated rhombohedral phase (R3m) with JCPDS data card no: 72-2035. The ferroelectric transition of the sample at 8310C was detected by differential thermal analysis. Thermal analysis was done by Thermal gravimetric-Differential thermal analyzer and obtained results were presented in this paper.

Role of Bismuth in the Electrokinetics of Silicon Photocathodes for Solar Rechargeable Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries.

PubMed

Flox, Cristina; Murcia-López, Sebastián; Carretero, Nina M; Ros, Carles; Morante, Juan R; Andreu, Teresa

2018-01-10

The ability of crystalline silicon to photoassist the V 3+ /V 2+ cathodic reaction under simulated solar irradiation, combined with the effect of bismuth have led to important electrochemical improvements. Besides the photovoltage supplied by the photovoltaics, additional decrease in the onset potentials, high reversibility of the V 3+ /V 2+ redox pair, and improvement in the electrokinetics were attained thanks to the addition of bismuth. In fact, Bi 0 deposition has shown to slightly decrease the photocurrent, but the significant enhancement in the charge transfer, reflected in the overall electrochemical performance clearly justifies its use as additive in a photoassisted system for maximizing the efficiency of solar charge to battery. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Transparent nickel selenide alloy counter electrodes for bifacial dye-sensitized solar cells exceeding 10% efficiency.

PubMed

Duan, Yanyan; Tang, Qunwei; He, Benlin; Li, Ru; Yu, Liangmin

2014-11-07

In the current work, we report a series of bifacial dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) that provide power conversion efficiencies of more than 10% from bifacial irradiation. The device comprises an N719-sensitized TiO2 anode, a transparent nickel selenide (Ni-Se) alloy counter electrode (CE), and liquid electrolyte containing I(-)/I3(-) redox couples. Because of the high optical transparency, electron conduction ability, electrocatalytic activity of Ni-Se CEs, as well as dye illumination, electron excitation and power conversion efficiency have been remarkably enhanced. Results indicate that incident light from a transparent CE has a compensation effect to the light from the anode. The impressive efficiency along with simple preparation of the cost-effective Ni-Se alloy CEs highlights the potential application of bifacial illumination technique in robust DSSCs.

Solid-Solution Anion-Enhanced Electrochemical Performances of Metal Sulfides/Selenides for Sodium-Ion Capacitors: The Case of FeS2- xSe x.

PubMed

Long, Yaqiong; Yang, Jing; Gao, Xin; Xu, Xuena; Fan, Weiliu; Yang, Jian; Hou, Shifeng; Qian, Yitai

2018-04-04

Transition-metal sulfides/selenides are explored as advanced electrode materials for nonaqueous sodium-ion capacitors, using FeS 2- x Se x as an example. A solid solution of S/Se in FeS 2- x Se x allows it to combine the high capacity of FeS 2 and the good diffusion kinetics of FeSe 2 together, thereby exhibiting excellent cycle stability (∼220 mA h g -1 after 6000 cycles at 2 A g -1 ) and superior rate capability (∼210 mA h g -1 at 40 A g -1 ) within 0.8-3.0 V. These results are much better than those of FeS 2 and FeSe 2 , confirming the advantages of S/Se solid solution, as supported by EIS spectra, DFT calculations, and electronic conductivity. As FeS 2- x Se x is paired with the activated carbon (AC) as Na-ion capacitors, this device is also better than sodium-ion batteries of FeS 2- x Se x //Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 and sodium-ion capacitors of metal oxides//AC, particularly at high rates. These results open a new door for the applications of sulfides/selenides in another device of electrochemical energy storage.

Synthesis and Characterization of Aqueous Lead Selenide Quantum Dots for Solar Cell Application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Albert, Ancy; Sreekala, C. O.; Prabhakaran, Malini

2018-02-01

High quality, colloidal lead selenide (PbSe) nanoparticles possessing cube shaped morphology have been successfully synthesized by organometallic synthesis method, using oleic acid (OA) as capping agent. The use of non-coordinating solvent, 1-Octadecene (ODE), during the synthesis results in good quality nanocrystals. Morphology analysis by transmission electron microscopy reveals that cube-shaped nanocrystals with a size range of 10 nm have been produced during the synthesis. The absorption and PL spectra analysis showed an emission peak at 675 nm when excited to a wavelength of 610 nm, further confirmed the formation of PbSe nanocrystals. The surface modification of this colloidal quantum dots was then carried out using L- cysteine ligand, to make them water soluble, for solar cell application. The J-V characteristics study of this PbSe quantum dots solar cell (PbSe QDSC) showed a little power conversion efficiency which intern it shows significant advance toward effective utilization of PbSe nanocrystals sensitized in solar cells.

Role of intestinal microbiota in transformation of bismuth and other metals and metalloids into volatile methyl and hydride derivatives in humans and mice.

PubMed

Michalke, Klaus; Schmidt, Annette; Huber, Britta; Meyer, Jörg; Sulkowski, Margareta; Hirner, Alfred V; Boertz, Jens; Mosel, Frank; Dammann, Philip; Hilken, Gero; Hedrich, Hans J; Dorsch, Martina; Rettenmeier, Albert W; Hensel, Reinhard

2008-05-01

The present study shows that feces samples of 14 human volunteers and isolated gut segments of mice (small intestine, cecum, and large intestine) are able to transform metals and metalloids into volatile derivatives ex situ during anaerobic incubation at 37 degrees C and neutral pH. Human feces and the gut of mice exhibit highly productive mechanisms for the formation of the toxic volatile derivative trimethylbismuth [(CH(3))(3)Bi] at rather low concentrations of bismuth (0.2 to 1 mumol kg(-1) [dry weight]). An increase of bismuth up to 2 to 14 mmol kg(-1) (dry weight) upon a single (human volunteers) or continuous (mouse study) administration of colloidal bismuth subcitrate resulted in an average increase of the derivatization rate from approximately 4 pmol h(-1) kg(-1) (dry weight) to 2,100 pmol h(-1) kg(-1) (dry weight) in human feces samples and from approximately 5 pmol h(-1) kg(-1) (dry weight) to 120 pmol h(-1) kg(-1) (dry weight) in mouse gut samples, respectively. The upshift of the bismuth content also led to an increase of derivatives of other elements (such as arsenic, antimony, and lead in human feces or tellurium and lead in the murine large intestine). The assumption that the gut microbiota plays a dominant role for these transformation processes, as indicated by the production of volatile derivatives of various elements in feces samples, is supported by the observation that the gut segments of germfree mice are unable to transform administered bismuth to (CH(3))(3)Bi.

Point contacts at the copper-indium-gallium-selenide interface—A theoretical outlook

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bercegol, Adrien, E-mail: adrien.bercegol@polytechnique.edu; Chacko, Binoy; Klenk, Reiner

For a long time, it has been assumed that recombination in the space-charge region of copper-indium-gallium-selenide (CIGS) is dominant, at least in high efficiency solar cells with low band gap. The recent developments like potassium fluoride post deposition treatment and point-contact junction may call this into question. In this work, a theoretical outlook is made using three-dimensional simulations to investigate the effect of point-contact openings through a passivation layer on CIGS solar cell performance. A large set of solar cells is modeled under different scenarios for the charged defect levels and density, radius of the openings, interface quality, and conductionmore » band offset. The positive surface charge created by the passivation layer induces band bending and this influences the contact (CdS) properties, making it beneficial for the open circuit voltage and efficiency, and the effect is even more pronounced when coverage area is more than 95%, and also makes a positive impact on the device performance, even in the presence of a spike at CIGS/CdS heterojunction.« less

Matrices of radiation-protective composites using bismuth oxide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yashkina, S. Yu; Doroganov, V. A.; Trepalina, Yu N.; Loktionov, V. A.; Evtushenko, E. I.

2018-03-01

The article presents the results of investigations of radiation-protective composites with two types of matrices based on chamotte and aluminous binders. The synthesis of binders was carried out according to the principles of the production of ceramic concrete based on the artificial ceramic binders (ACB). Bismuth oxide was selected as filler. Basic physical and mechanical, as well as radiation-protective characteristics, of composites with different ratios of ACB and Bi2O3 were shown. It was found out that binder of high-alumina chamotte can be used as an optimal matrix base. Composites on its basis have higher structural and radiation-protective properties.

Effect of bismuth substitution in strontium hexaferrite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sahoo, M. R.; Kuila, S.; Sweta, K.; Barik, A.; Vishwakarma, P. N.

2018-05-01

Bismuth (Bi) substituted M-type strontium hexaferrite (Sr1-xBix Fe12O19, x=0 and 0.02) are synthesized by sol-gel auto combustion method. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) shows increase in lattice parameter and particle size (500 nm to 3 micron) respectively, for Bi substituted sample. Magnetization via M-H shows decrease in magnetic hardness for Bi substituted samples. M-T data for parent (x=0) sample shows an antiferromagnetic transition in the ZFC plot at 495 °C. This antiferromagnetic transition is replaced by a ferromagnetic transition for FCW measurement. Similar behavior is displayed by the Bi substituted sample with transition temperature reduced to 455 °C.

Effect of the Different High Volume Fraction of SiC Particles on the Junction of Bismuthate Glass-SiCp/Al Composite

PubMed Central

Li, Xiaoqiang

2018-01-01

The in-house developed bismuthate glass and the SiCp/Al composites with different volume fractions of SiC particles (namely, 60 vol.%, 65 vol.%, 70 vol.%, and 75 vol.%) were jointed by vacuum hot-pressing process. The novel material can be used for the space mirror. The SiCp is an abbreviation for SiC particle. Firstly, the SiCp/Al composites with different vol.% of SiC particle were manufactured by using infiltration process. In order to obtain a stable bonding interface, the preoxide layers were fabricated on the surfaces of these composites for reacting with the bismuthate glass. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) was carried out for characterizing the difference between the composites and bismuthate glass. The sealing quality of the composites and the bismuthate glass was quantified by using shear strength testing. The optical microstructures showed the particles were uniformly distributed in the Al matrix. The SEM image shows that a smooth oxidation layer was generated on the SiCp/Al composite. The CTE testing result indicated that the higher the vol.% of the particles in the composite, the lower the CTE value. The shear strength testing result disclosed that SiCp/Al composite with relatively low CTE value was favorable to obtain a bonding interface with high strength. PMID:29675118

Effect of the Different High Volume Fraction of SiC Particles on the Junction of Bismuthate Glass-SiCp/Al Composite.

PubMed

Wang, Bin; Qu, Shengguan; Li, Xiaoqiang

2018-01-01

The in-house developed bismuthate glass and the SiC p /Al composites with different volume fractions of SiC particles (namely, 60 vol.%, 65 vol.%, 70 vol.%, and 75 vol.%) were jointed by vacuum hot-pressing process. The novel material can be used for the space mirror. The SiCp is an abbreviation for SiC particle. Firstly, the SiC p /Al composites with different vol.% of SiC particle were manufactured by using infiltration process. In order to obtain a stable bonding interface, the preoxide layers were fabricated on the surfaces of these composites for reacting with the bismuthate glass. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) was carried out for characterizing the difference between the composites and bismuthate glass. The sealing quality of the composites and the bismuthate glass was quantified by using shear strength testing. The optical microstructures showed the particles were uniformly distributed in the Al matrix. The SEM image shows that a smooth oxidation layer was generated on the SiC p /Al composite. The CTE testing result indicated that the higher the vol.% of the particles in the composite, the lower the CTE value. The shear strength testing result disclosed that SiC p /Al composite with relatively low CTE value was favorable to obtain a bonding interface with high strength.

Palliative treatment with radiation-emitting metallic stents in unresectable Bismuth type III or IV hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

PubMed

Lu, Jian; Guo, Jin-He; Zhu, Hai-Dong; Zhu, Guang-Yu; Wang, Yong; Zhang, Qi; Chen, Li; Wang, Chao; Pan, Tian-Fan; Teng, Gao-Jun

2017-01-01

The emerging data for stenting in combination with brachytherapy in unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma are encouraging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of radiation-emitting metallic stents (REMS) for unresectable Bismuth type III or IV hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous placement with REMS or uncovered self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) for unresectable Bismuth type III or IV hilar cholangiocarcinoma between September 2011 and April 2016 were identified into this retrospective study. Data on patient demographics and overall survival, functional success, stent patency and complications were collected at the authors' hospital. A total of 59 patients were included: 33 (55.9%) in the REMS group and 26 (44.1%) in the SEMS group. The median overall survival was 338 days in the REMS group and 141 days in the SEMS group (p<0.001). The median stent patency time was 385 days for REMS and 142 days for SEMS (p<0.001). The functional success rate (87.9% vs 84.6%, p=0.722) and incidence of overall complications (27.3% vs 26.9%, p=0.999) did not differ in the two groups. Placement with REMS is safe and effective in palliation for unresectable Bismuth type III or IV hilar cholangiocarcinoma, and seems to prolong survival as well as patency of stent in these patients.

Transport properties of bismuth telluride compound prepared by mechanical alloying

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khade, Poonam; Bagwaiya, Toshi; Bhattacharya, Shovit; Rayaprol, Sudhindra; Sahu, Ashok K.; Shelke, Vilas

2017-05-01

We have synthesized bismuth telluride compound using mechanical alloying and hot press sintering method. The phase formation, crystal structure was evaluated by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The scanning electron microscopy images indicated sub-micron sized grains. We observed low value of thermal conductivity 0.39 W/mK at room temperature as a result of grain size reduction by increasing deformation. The performance of the samples can be improved by reducing the grain size, which increases the grain boundary scattering.

Bismuth-doped fibre amplifier operating between 1600 and 1800 nm

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Firstov, S V; Alyshev, S V; Riumkin, K E

2015-12-31

We report the first bismuth-doped fibre amplifier operating between 1600 and 1800 nm, which utilises bidirectional pumping (co-propagating and counter-propagating pump beams) by laser diodes at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The largest gain coefficient of the amplifier is 23 dB, at a wavelength of 1710 nm. It has a noise figure of 7 dB, 3-dB gain bandwidth of 40 nm and gain efficiency of 0.1 dB mW{sup -1}. (letters)

Bismuth-, Tin-, and Lead-Containing Metal-Organic Materials: Synthesis, Structure, Photoluminescence, Second Harmonic Generation, and Ferroelectric Properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wibowo, Arief Cahyo

Metal-Organic Materials (MOMs) contain metal moieties and organic ligands that combine to form discrete (e.g. metal-organic polyhedra, spheres or nanoballs, metal-organic polygons) or polymeric structures with one-, two-, or three-dimensional periodicities that can exhibit a variety of properties resulting from the presence of the metal moieties and/or ligand connectors in the structure. To date, MOMs with a range of functional attributes have been prepared, including record-breaking porosity, catalytic properties, molecular magnetism, chemical separations and sensing ability, luminescence and NLO properties, multiferroic, ferroelectric, and switchable molecular dielectric properties. We are interested in synthesizing non-centrosymmetric MOM single crystals possessing one of the ten polar space groups required for non-linear optical properties (such as second harmonic generation) and ferroelectric applications. This thesis is divided into two main parts: materials with optical properties, such as photoluminescence and materials for targeted applications such as second harmonic generation and ferroelectric properties. This thesis starts with an introduction describing material having centrosymmetric, non-polar space groups, single crystals structures and their photoluminescence properties. These crystals exhibit very interesting and rare structures as well as interesting photoluminescence properties. Chapters 2-5 of this thesis focus on photoluminescent properties of new MOMs, and detail the exploratory research involving the comparatively rare bismuth, lead, and tin coordination polymers. Specifically, the formation of single white-light emitting phosphors based on the combination of bismuth or lead with pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylate is discussed (Chapter 2). The observation of a new Bi2O2 layer and a new Bi4O 3 chain in bismuth terephthalate-based coordination polymers is presented in Chapter 3, while the formation of diverse structures of tin-based coordination

Preparation and elastic moduli of germanate glass containing lead and bismuth.

PubMed

Sidek, Hj A A; Bahari, Hamid R; Halimah, Mohamed K; Yunus, Wan M M

2012-01-01

This paper reports the rapid melt quenching technique preparation for the new family of bismuth-lead germanate glass (BPG) systems in the form of (GeO(2))(60)-(PbO)(40-) (x)-(½Bi(2)O(3))(x) where x = 0 to 40 mol%. Their densities with respect of Bi(2)O(3) concentration were determined using Archimedes' method with acetone as a floatation medium. The current experimental data are compared with those of bismuth lead borate (B(2)O(3))(20)-(PbO)(80-) (x)-(Bi(2)O(3))(x). The elastic properties of BPG were studied using the ultrasonic pulse-echo technique where both longitudinal and transverse sound wave velocities have been measured in each glass samples at a frequency of 15 MHz and at room temperature. Experimental data shows that all the physical parameters of BPG including density and molar volume, both longitudinal and transverse velocities increase linearly with increasing of Bi(2)O(3) content in the germanate glass network. Their elastic moduli such as longitudinal, shear and Young's also increase linearly with addition of Bi(2)O(3) but the bulk modulus did not. The Poisson's ratio and fractal dimensionality are also found to vary linearly with the Bi(2)O(3) concentration.

Cation distribution, magnetic properties and cubic-perovskite phase transition in bismuth-doped nickel ferrite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gore, Shyam K.; Jadhav, Santosh S.; Tumberphale, Umakant B.; Shaikh, Shoyeb M.; Naushad, Mu; Mane, Rajaram S.

2017-12-01

The phase transition of bismuth-substituted nickel ferrite, synthesized by using a simple sol-gel autocombustion method, from cubic to perovskite is confirmed from the X-ray diffraction spectrums. The changes in isomer shift, hyperfine field and cation distribution are obtained from the Mossbauer spectroscopy analysis. The cation distribution demonstrates Ni2+ cations occupy tetrahedral sites, while Fe3+ and Bi3+ occupy both tetrahedral as well as octahedral sites. For higher concentrations of bismuth, saturation magnetization is increased whereas, coercivity is decreased which is related to phase change. The variations of dielectric constant, tangent loss and conductivity (ac) with frequency (10 Hz-5 MHz) have been explored with Bi3+-doping i.e. 'x'. According to Maxwell-Wagener model, there is an involvement of electron hopping kinetics as both dielectric constant and tangent loss are decreased with increasing frequency. Increase of conductivity with frequency (measured at room temperature, 27 °C) is attributed to increase of number of carriers and mobility.

Strain effect on the heat transport properties of bismuth telluride nanofilms with a hole

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fang, Te-Hua; Chang, Win-Jin; Wang, Kuan-Yu; Huang, Chao-Chun

2018-06-01

We investigated the mechanical behavior of bismuth telluride nanofilms with holes by using an equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) approach. The holes had diameters of 20, 30, 40, and 50 Å. The thermal conductivity values of the nanofilms were calculated under different strains at different temperatures using a nonequilibrium MD simulation. The simulation revealed that the thermal conductivity of a bismuth telluride nanofilm with a hole decreases with an increase in hole diameter at different strains. For a film with a perfect structure at 300 K, a 48% reduction (from 0.33 to 0.17 W/m K) in the thermal conductivity was observed at a 7% tensile strain. In addition, the thermal conductivity increased by approximately 39% (from 0.33 to 0.46 W/m K) at a 7% compressive strain. A very low value (0.11 W/m K) of thermal conductivity is obtained for the nanofilm with a hole diameter of 50 Å at a 7% tensile strain at 300 K.

Thermodynamic properties and equation of state of liquid lead and lead bismuth eutectic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sobolev, V. P.; Schuurmans, P.; Benamati, G.

2008-06-01

Since the 1950s, liquid lead (Pb) and lead-bismuth eutectic (Pb-Bi) have been studied in the USA, Canada and in the former-USSR as potential coolants for nuclear installations due to their very attractive thermophysical and neutronic properties. However, experimental data on the thermal properties of these coolants in the temperature range of interest are still incomplete and often contradictory. This makes it very difficult to perform design calculations and to analyse the normal and abnormal behaviour of nuclear installations where these coolants are expected to be used. Recently, a compilation of heavy liquid metal (HLM) properties along with recommendations for its use was prepared by the OECD/NEA Working Party on Fuel Cycle (WPFC) Expert Group on Lead-Bismuth Eutectic Technology. A brief review of this compilation and some new data are presented in this article. A set of correlations for the temperature dependence of the main thermodynamic properties of Pb and Pb-Bi(e) at normal pressure, and a set of simplified thermal and caloric equations of state for the liquid phase are proposed.

Methylammonium Bismuth Iodide as a Lead-Free, Stable Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Solar Absorber.

PubMed

Hoye, Robert L Z; Brandt, Riley E; Osherov, Anna; Stevanović, Vladan; Stranks, Samuel D; Wilson, Mark W B; Kim, Hyunho; Akey, Austin J; Perkins, John D; Kurchin, Rachel C; Poindexter, Jeremy R; Wang, Evelyn N; Bawendi, Moungi G; Bulović, Vladimir; Buonassisi, Tonio

2016-02-18

Methylammonium lead halide (MAPbX3 ) perovskites exhibit exceptional carrier transport properties. But their commercial deployment as solar absorbers is currently limited by their intrinsic instability in the presence of humidity and their lead content. Guided by our theoretical predictions, we explored the potential of methylammonium bismuth iodide (MBI) as a solar absorber through detailed materials characterization. We synthesized phase-pure MBI by solution and vapor processing. In contrast to MAPbX3, MBI is air stable, forming a surface layer that does not increase the recombination rate. We found that MBI luminesces at room temperature, with the vapor-processed films exhibiting superior photoluminescence (PL) decay times that are promising for photovoltaic applications. The thermodynamic, electronic, and structural features of MBI that are amenable to these properties are also present in other hybrid ternary bismuth halide compounds. Through MBI, we demonstrate a lead-free and stable alternative to MAPbX3 that has a similar electronic structure and nanosecond lifetimes. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Effect of cadmium-selenide quantum dots on the conductivity and photoconductivity of nanocrystalline indium oxide

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Il’in, A. S., E-mail: as.ilin@physics.msu.ru; Fantina, N. P.; Martyshov, M. N.

The effect of cadmium-selenide quantum dots addition on the electrical and photoelectric properties of nanocrystalline indium oxide with nanocrystal dimensions in the range from 7 to 40 nm is studied. By impedance spectroscopy, it is shown that the addition of quantum dots substantially influences the resistance of interfaces between In{sub 2}O{sub 3} crystals. A change in the character of the photoconductivity spectrum of In{sub 2}O{sub 3} upon the addition of CdSe quantum dots is detected, and it is established that this change depends on the In{sub 2}O{sub 3}-nanocrystal dimensions. An energy band diagram is proposed to explain the observed changemore » in the photoconductivity spectrum of In{sub 2}O{sub 3} upon the addition of CdSe quantum dots.« less

Graphite felt modified with bismuth nanoparticles as negative electrode in a vanadium redox flow battery.

PubMed

Suárez, David J; González, Zoraida; Blanco, Clara; Granda, Marcos; Menéndez, Rosa; Santamaría, Ricardo

2014-03-01

A graphite felt decorated with bismuth nanoparticles was studied as negative electrode in a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). The results confirm the excellent electrochemical performance of the bismuth modified electrode in terms of the reversibility of the V(3+) /V(2+) redox reactions and its long-term cycling performance. Moreover a mechanism that explains the role that Bi nanoparticles play in the redox reactions in this negative half-cell is proposed. Bi nanoparticles favor the formation of BiHx , an intermediate that reduces V(3+) to V(2+) and, therefore, inhibits the competitive irreversible reaction of hydrogen formation (responsible for the commonly observed loss of Coulombic efficiency of VRFBs). Thus, the total charge consumed during the cathodic sweep in this electrode is used to reduce V(3+) to V(2+) , resulting in a highly reversible and efficient process. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

X-ray diffraction study of the molecular propolis films deposited from an alcohol solution onto the cleavage surfaces of layered V2VI3 compounds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Drapak, S. I.; Gavrylyuk, S. V.; Kaminskii, V. M.; Kovalyuk, Z. D.

2008-09-01

The structures of the molecular propolis films deposited from an alcohol solution on the (0001) cleavage surface of layered bismuth selenide and telluride are studied by X-ray diffraction. Despite the chemical interaction between the semiconductor substrates and the organic-substance components, the molecular structural ordering of the propolis films is shown to be identical to that in the films of this substance on the surface of amorphous glass substrates. The chemical and deformation interaction between the organic substance and the layered V2VI3 compounds is found to result in the formation of an organic-inorganic sandwich nanostructure at a distance of ˜0.3 μm from the layered crystal-propolis film interface.

First-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori in Lebanon: Comparison of bismuth-containing quadruple therapy versus 14-days sequential therapy.

PubMed

Tarhini, Mahdi; Fayyad-Kazan, Mohammad; Fayyad-Kazan, Hussein; Mokbel, Mahmoud; Nasreddine, Mohammad; Badran, Bassam; Kchour, Ghada

2018-04-01

Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) is the most common cause of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and represents a strong risk factor for gastric cancer. Treatment of H. Pylori is, therefore, a persistent need to avoid serious medical complications. Resistance to antibiotics remains to be the major challenge for H. Pylori eradication. In this study, we determined the prevalence of H. pylori infection and evaluated H. pylori eradication efficacy of bismuth-containing quadruple therapy (Pylera) versus 14-days sequential therapy in treatment naïve-Lebanese patients. 1030 patients, showing symptoms of peptic ulcer (PU) and gastritis, underwent 14 C-Urea Breath Test and esophagogastroduodenoscopy to examine H. Pylori infection and gastrointestinal disorders. Among the H. Pylori-positive patients 60 individuals were randomly selected, separated into two groups (each consisting of 30 patients) and treated with either bismuth-containing quadruple therapy or 14-days sequential therapy. We show that of the 1050 patients tested: 46.2% were H. pylori-positive, 55% had gastritis, 46.2% had both gastritis and H. pylori infection, 8.8% had gastritis but no H. pylori infection, 44.9% had neither gastritis nor H. pylori infection. Following the 14-days sequential therapy, the eradication rate was significantly higher than that obtained upon using bismuth-containing quadruple therapy [80% (24/30) versus 50% (15/30), χ 2  = 5.93, P = 0.015]. In conclusion, we determined H. pylori and gastritis prevalence among Lebanese PU-patients and showed that 14-days sequential therapy is more efficient than bismuth-containing quadruple therapy in terms of H. Pylori-eradication. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Layer Formation On Metal Surfaces In Lead-Bismuth At High Temperatures In Presence Of Zirconium

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Loewen, Eric Paul; Yount, Hannah J.; Volk, Kevin

If the operating temperature lead–bismuth cooled fission reactor could be extended to 800 °C, they could produce hydrogen directly from water. A key issue for the deployment of this technology at these temperatures is the corrosion of the fuel cladding and structural materials by the lead–bismuth. Corrosion studies of several metals were performed to correlate the interaction layer formation rate as a function of time, temperature, and alloy compositions. The interaction layer is defined as the narrow band between the alloy substrate and the solidified lead–bismuth eutectic on the surface. Coupons of HT-9, 410, 316L, and F22 were tested atmore » 550 and 650 °C for 1000 h inside a zirconium corrosion cell. The oxygen potential ranged from approximately 10-22 to 10-19 Pa. Analyses were performed on the coupons to determine the depth of the interaction layer and the composition, at each time step (100, 300, and 1000 h). The thickness of the interaction layer on F22 at 550 °C was 25.3 µm, the highest of all the alloys tested, whereas at 650 °C, the layer thickness was only 5.6 µm, the lowest of all the alloys tested. The growth of the interaction layer on F22 at 650 °C was suppressed, owing to the presence of Zr (at 1500 wppm) in the LBE. In the case of 316L, the interaction layers of 4.9 and 10.6 µm were formed at 550 and 650 °C, respectively.« less

Intimate contacted two-dimensional/zero-dimensional composite of bismuth titanate nanosheets supported ultrafine bismuth oxychloride nanoparticles for enhanced antibiotic residue degradation.

PubMed

Liu, Wenwen; Dai, Zhiqiang; Liu, Yi; Zhu, Anquan; Zhong, Donglin; Wang, Juan; Pan, Jun

2018-05-31

Constructing a two-dimensional/zero-dimensional (2D/0D) composite with matched crystal structure, suitable energy band structure as well as intimate contact interface is an effective way to improve carriers separation for achieving highly photocatalytic performance. In this work, a novel bismuth titanate/bismuth oxychloride (Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 /BiOCl) composite consisting of 2D Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 nanosheets and 0D BiOCl nanoparticles was constructed for the first time. Germinating ultrafine BiOCl nanoparticles on Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 nanosheets can provide abundant contact interface and shorten migration distance of photoinduced carriers via two-step synthesis contained molten salt process and facile chemical transformation process. The obtained Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 /BiOCl 2D/0D composites exhibited enhanced photocatalytic performance for antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride degradation. The rate constant of optimal Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 /BiOCl composite was about 4.4 times higher than that of bare Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 although Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 /BiOCl composite appeared lesser photoabsorption. The enhanced photocatalytic performance can be mainly ascribed to matched crystal structure, suitable energy band structure and intimate contact interface between Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 nanosheets and ultrafine BiOCl nanoparticles as well as unique 2D/0D composite structure. Besides, a probable degradation mechanism on the basis of active species trapping experiments, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, photocurrent responses and energy band structures was proposed. This work may be stretched to other 2D/0D composite photocatalysts construction, which is inspiring for antibiotic residue treatment. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Enhanced thermoelectric properties of phase-separating bismuth selenium telluride thin films via a two-step method

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Takashiri, Masayuki, E-mail: takashiri@tokai-u.jp; Kurita, Kensuke; Hagino, Harutoshi

2015-08-14

A two-step method that combines homogeneous electron beam (EB) irradiation and thermal annealing has been developed to enhance the thermoelectric properties of nanocrystalline bismuth selenium telluride thin films. The thin films, prepared using a flash evaporation method, were treated with EB irradiation in a N{sub 2} atmosphere at room temperature and an acceleration voltage of 0.17 MeV. Thermal annealing was performed under Ar/H{sub 2} (5%) at 300 °C for 60 min. X-ray diffraction was used to determine that compositional phase separation between bismuth telluride and bismuth selenium telluride developed in the thin films exposed to higher EB doses and thermal annealing. We proposemore » that the phase separation was induced by fluctuations in the distribution of selenium atoms after EB irradiation, followed by the migration of selenium atoms to more stable sites during thermal annealing. As a result, thin film crystallinity improved and mobility was significantly enhanced. This indicates that the phase separation resulting from the two-step method enhanced, rather than disturbed, the electron transport. Both the electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient were improved following the two-step method. Consequently, the power factor of thin films that underwent the two-step method was enhanced to 20 times (from 0.96 to 21.0 μW/(cm K{sup 2}) that of the thin films treated with EB irradiation alone.« less

Effect of Fe2O3 on the physical and structural properties of bismuth silicate glasses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parmar, Rajesh; Kundu, R. S.; Punia, R.; Aghamkar, P.; Kishore, N.

2013-06-01

Iron containing bismuth silicate glasses with compositions 70SiO2ṡ(100-x)Bi2O3ṡxFe2O3 have been prepared using conventional melt-quenching method and their amorphous nature has been investigated using XRD. Density has been measured using Archimedes' principle and molar volume (Vm) have also been estimated. With increase in Fe2O3 content, there is a decrease in density and molar volume of the glass samples. The glass transition temperature (Tg) have been determined using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and are observed to increase with increase in Fe2O3 content. In the present glass system bismuth and iron plays the role of network modifier and the symmetry of silicate network goes on increasing with Fe2O3 content and it modifies the physical and structural properties of these glasses.

Advances and Challenges in Metal Sulfides/Selenides for Next-Generation Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Hu, Zhe; Liu, Qiannan; Chou, Shu-Lei; Dou, Shi-Xue

2017-12-01

Rechargeable sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), as the most promising alternative to commercial lithium-ion batteries, have received tremendous attention during the last decade. Among all the anode materials for SIBs, metal sulfides/selenides (MXs) have shown inspiring results because of their versatile material species and high theoretical capacity. They suffer from large volume expansion, however, which leads to bad cycling performance. Thus, methods such as carbon modification, nanosize design, electrolyte optimization, and cut-off voltage control are used to obtain enhanced performance. Here, recent progress on MXs is summarized in terms of arranging the crystal structure, synthesis methods, electrochemical performance, mechanisms, and kinetics. Challenges are presented and effective ways to solve the problems are proposed, and a perspective for future material design is also given. It is hoped that light is shed on the development of MXs to help finally find applications for next-generation rechargeable batteries. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Revealing the preferred interlayer orientations and stackings of two-dimensional bilayer gallium selenide crystals.

PubMed

Li, Xufan; Basile, Leonardo; Yoon, Mina; Ma, Cheng; Puretzky, Alexander A; Lee, Jaekwang; Idrobo, Juan C; Chi, Miaofang; Rouleau, Christopher M; Geohegan, David B; Xiao, Kai

2015-02-23

Characterizing and controlling the interlayer orientations and stacking orders of two-dimensional (2D) bilayer crystals and van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures is crucial to optimize their electrical and optoelectronic properties. The four polymorphs of layered gallium selenide (GaSe) crystals that result from different layer stackings provide an ideal platform to study the stacking configurations in 2D bilayer crystals. Through a controllable vapor-phase deposition method, bilayer GaSe crystals were selectively grown and their two preferred 0° or 60° interlayer rotations were investigated. The commensurate stacking configurations (AA' and AB stacking) in as-grown bilayer GaSe crystals are clearly observed at the atomic scale, and the Ga-terminated edge structure was identified using scanning transmission electron microscopy. Theoretical analysis reveals that the energies of the interlayer coupling are responsible for the preferred orientations among the bilayer GaSe crystals. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Field Effect Transistors Using Atomically Thin Layers of Copper Indium Selenide (CuInSe)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Patil, Prasanna; Ghosh, Sujoy; Wasala, Milinda; Lei, Sidong; Vajtai, Robert; Ajayan, Pulickel; Talapatra, Saikat

We will report fabrication of field-effect transistors (FETs) using few-layers of Copper Indium Selenide (CuInSe) flakes exfoliated from crystals grown using chemical vapor transport technique. Our transport measurements indicate n-type FET with electron mobility µ ~ 3 cm2 V-1 s-1 at room temperature when Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is used as a back gate. Mobility can be further increased significantly when ionic liquid 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM-PF6) is used as top gate. Similarly subthreshold swing can be further improved from 103 V/dec to 0.55 V/dec by using ionic liquid as a top gate. We also found ON/OFF ratio of ~ 102 for both top and back gate. Comparison between ionic liquid top gate and SiO2 back gate will be presented and discussed. This work is supported by the U.S. Army Research Office through a MURI Grant # W911NF-11-1-0362.

Design, Synthesis, and X-ray of Selenides as New Class of Agents for Prevention of Diabetic Cerebrovascular Pathology.

PubMed

Angeli, Andrea; di Cesare Mannelli, Lorenzo; Trallori, Elena; Peat, Thomas S; Ghelardini, Carla; Carta, Fabrizio; Supuran, Claudiu T

2018-05-10

A series of novel selenides bearing benzenesulfonamide moieties was synthesized and investigated for their inhibition on six human (h) carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms such as the physiologically relevant hCA I, II, VA, VB, VII, and IX and the X-ray complex in adduct with hCA II for some of them investigated. These enzymes are involved in a variety of diseases including glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, epilepsy, arthritis, metabolic disorders, and cancer. The investigated compounds showed potent inhibitory action against hCA VA, VII, and IX, in the low nanomolar range, thus making them of interest for the development of isoform-selective inhibitors and as candidates for various biomedical applications.

Integrated Liquid Bismuth Propellant Feed System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Polzin, Kurt A.; Markusic, Thomas E.; Stanojev, Boris J.

2006-01-01

A prototype bismuth propellant feed and control system was constructed and tested. An electromagnetic pump was used in this system to provide fine control of the hydrostatic pressure, and a new type of in-line flow sensor was developed to provide an accurate, real-time measurement of the mass flow rate. High-temperature material compatibility was a driving design requirement for the pump and flow sensor, leading to the selection of macor for the main body of both components. Post-test inspections of both components revealed no cracks or leaking in either. In separate proof-of-concept experiments, the pump produced a linear pressure rise as a function of current that compared favorably with theoretical pump pressure predictions, with a pressure of 10 kPa at 30 A. Flow sensing was successfully demonstrated in a bench-top test using gallium as a substitute liquid metal. A real-time controller was successfully used to control the entire system, simultaneously monitoring all power supplies and performing data acquisition duties.

Preparation and Elastic Moduli of Germanate Glass Containing Lead and Bismuth

PubMed Central

Sidek, Hj A. A.; Bahari, Hamid R.; Halimah, Mohamed K.; Yunus, Wan M. M.

2012-01-01

This paper reports the rapid melt quenching technique preparation for the new family of bismuth-lead germanate glass (BPG) systems in the form of (GeO2)60–(PbO)40−x–(½Bi2O3)x where x = 0 to 40 mol%. Their densities with respect of Bi2O3 concentration were determined using Archimedes’ method with acetone as a floatation medium. The current experimental data are compared with those of bismuth lead borate (B2O3)20–(PbO)80−x–(Bi2O3)x. The elastic properties of BPG were studied using the ultrasonic pulse-echo technique where both longitudinal and transverse sound wave velocities have been measured in each glass samples at a frequency of 15 MHz and at room temperature. Experimental data shows that all the physical parameters of BPG including density and molar volume, both longitudinal and transverse velocities increase linearly with increasing of Bi2O3 content in the germanate glass network. Their elastic moduli such as longitudinal, shear and Young’s also increase linearly with addition of Bi2O3 but the bulk modulus did not. The Poisson’s ratio and fractal dimensionality are also found to vary linearly with the Bi2O3 concentration. PMID:22606000

Electrical Characteristics of MnO2 Doped Bismuth Borate Glass Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nissar, Umair; Ahmad, Javed; Rana, Anwar Manzoor; Bukhari, S. H.; Jamil, M. T.; Khan, J. Alam; Shakeel, R.; Nadeem, M. Y.

2018-02-01

Transparent glasses have a large number of applications in the industry of electronics as well as optical devices. xMnO2-(25- x) Bi2O3-75H3BO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1.5 mol.%) transparent glasses have been prepared via melt-quench technique and characterized using dc electrical measurements, and by analyzing x-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. These characteristics were examined to understand the role of modifier oxides, i.e., Bi2O3 and MnO2 in the B2O3 glass network. Adding MnO2 into a glass network causes structural changes, which are responsible for any variations in electrical characteristics of bismuth borate glasses. Manganese bismuth borate glasses (MBBG) show Ohmic conduction at low fields; however, glasses with higher manganese content seem to conduct through bulk limited Poole-Frenkel mechanism. FTIR spectroscopy analyses depict the presence of BO3 and BO4 groups along with B-O-B and Bi-O-Bi bonding vibrations. Glasses with higher MnO2 content also show Mn-O bond vibrations. The reduction of BO4 groups and increase of BO3 units lead to the formation of non-bridging oxygens (NBOs) which are responsible for the variations in the electrical properties of these glasses.

Growth of zinc selenide single crystals by physical vapor transport in microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rosenberger, Franz

1993-01-01

The goals of this research were the optimization of growth parameters for large (20 mm diameter and length) zinc selenide single crystals with low structural defect density, and the development of a 3-D numerical model for the transport rates to be expected in physical vapor transport under a given set of thermal and geometrical boundary conditions, in order to provide guidance for an advantageous conduct of the growth experiments. In the crystal growth studies, it was decided to exclusively apply the Effusive Ampoule PVT technique (EAPVT) to the growth of ZnSe. In this technique, the accumulation of transport-limiting gaseous components at the growing crystal is suppressed by continuous effusion to vacuum of part of the vapor contents. This is achieved through calibrated leaks in one of the ground joints of the ampoule. Regarding the PVT transport rates, a 3-D spectral code was modified. After introduction of the proper boundary conditions and subroutines for the composition-dependent transport properties, the code reproduced the experimentally determined transport rates for the two cases with strongest convective flux contributions to within the experimental and numerical error.

Microstructure and physical properties of bismuth-lead-tin ternary eutectic alloy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kamal, M.; Moharram, B. M.; Farag, H.; El-Bediwi, A.; Abosheiasha, H. F.

2006-07-01

Using different experimental techniques, microstructure, electrical resistivity, attenuation coefficient, and mechanical and thermal properties of the quenched Bi-Pb-Sn ternary eutectic alloy have been investigated. From the X-ray analysis, Bi3Pb7 and Bi-Sn meta-stable phases are detected, in addition to rhombohedral bismuth and Sn body-centered tetragonal phases. This study also compared the physical properties of the Bi-Sn-Pb ternary eutectic alloys with the base binary Bi-Sn and Bi-Pb eutectic alloys.

Corrosion behavior of steels in liquid lead bismuth with low oxygen concentrations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kurata, Yuji; Futakawa, Masatoshi; Saito, Shigeru

2008-02-01

Corrosion tests in pots were conducted to elucidate corrosion behavior of various steels in liquid lead-bismuth for 3000 h under the condition of an oxygen concentration of 5 × 10 -8 wt% at 450 °C and an oxygen concentration of 3 × 10 -9 wt% at 550 °C, respectively. Significant corrosion was not observed at 450 °C for ferritic/martensitic steels, F82H, Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel, 410SS, 430SS except 2.25Cr-1Mo steel. Pb-Bi penetration into steels and dissolution of elements into Pb-Bi were severe at 550 °C even for ferritic/martensitic steels. Typical dissolution attack occurred for pure iron both at 550 °C without surface Fe 3O 4 and at 450 °C with a thin Fe 3O 4 film. Ferritization due to dissolution of Ni and Cr, and Pb-Bi penetration were recognized for austenitic stainless steels, 316SS and 14Cr-16Ni-2Mo steel at both temperatures of 450 °C and 550 °C. The phenomena were mitigated for 18Cr-20Ni-5Si steel. In some cases oxide films could not be a corrosion barrier in liquid lead-bismuth.

Photoconductivity in reactively evaporated copper indium selenide thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Urmila, K. S.; Asokan, T. Namitha; Pradeep, B.; Jacob, Rajani; Philip, Rachel Reena

2014-01-01

Copper indium selenide thin films of composition CuInSe2 with thickness of the order of 130 nm are deposited on glass substrate at a temperature of 423 ±5 K and pressure of 10-5 mbar using reactive evaporation, a variant of Gunther's three temperature method with high purity Copper (99.999%), Indium (99.999%) and Selenium (99.99%) as the elemental starting materials. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies shows that the films are polycrystalline in nature having preferred orientation of grains along the (112) plane. The structural type of the film is found to be tetragonal with particle size of the order of 32 nm. The structural parameters such as lattice constant, particle size, dislocation density, number of crystallites per unit area and strain in the film are also evaluated. The surface morphology of CuInSe2 films are studied using 2D and 3D atomic force microscopy to estimate the grain size and surface roughness respectively. Analysis of the absorption spectrum of the film recorded using UV-Vis-NIR Spectrophotometer in the wavelength range from 2500 nm to cutoff revealed that the film possess a direct allowed transition with a band gap of 1.05 eV and a high value of absorption coefficient (α) of 106 cm-1 at 570 nm. Photoconductivity at room temperature is measured after illuminating the film with an FSH lamp (82 V, 300 W). Optical absorption studies in conjunction with the good photoconductivity of the prepared p-type CuInSe2 thin films indicate its suitability in photovoltaic applications.

[Influence of Saccharomyces boulardii Sachets combined with bismuth quadruple therapy for initial Helicobacter pylori eradication].

PubMed

Zhu, X Y; Du, J; Wu, J; Zhao, L W; Meng, X; Liu, G F

2017-08-08

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Saccharomyces boulardii Sachets combined with bismuth quadruple therapy for initial Helicobacter pylori ( H . pylori ) eradication. Methods: From March 2014 to March 2015, 240 participants from the third hospital of Hebei medical university with H . pylori infection were recruited and randomized into three groups: Quadruple therapy group received bismuth potassium citrate 220 mg bid + Rabeprazole 10 mg bid + amoxicillin 1 000 mg bid+ furazolidone 100 mg bid for 10 days. Short-term group and long-term group received the same quadruple therapy for 10 days as above, as well as Saccharomyces boulardii Sachets 500 mg bid for 14 days and 28 days, respectively. H . pylori eradication was confirmed by (13)C/(14)C-UBT at least 4 weeks after completion of therapy. And side effects were investigated during the therapy. Results: The H . pylori eradication rates in quadruple therapy, short-term and long-term group were 80%, 87.5% and 87.5% by ITT analysis ( P =0.321) and 92.8%, 94.6% and 95.9% by PP analysis ( P =0.717), respectively. The overall side effect rate and occurrence of diarrhea and abdominal distension were significantly lower in short-term or long-term group as compared with quadruple therapy group( P =0.007, 0.003, 0.004), but there was no significant difference between the two probiotics groups. Conclusions: Both short and long-term Saccharomyces boulardii Sachets reduced the overall side effect rate and occurrence of diarrhea or abdominal distension when combined with bismuth quadruple therapy for initial H . pylori eradication and no difference was observed in efficacy or safety between the two groups.

Study of iron structure stability in high temperature molten lead-bismuth eutectic with oxygen injection using molecular dynamics simulation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Arkundato, Artoto; Su'ud, Zaki; Sudarko

2014-09-30

Corrosion of structural materials in high temperature molten lead-bismuth eutectic is a major problem for design of PbBi cooled reactor. One technique to inhibit corrosion process is to inject oxygen into coolant. In this paper we study and focus on a way of inhibiting the corrosion of iron using molecular dynamics method. For the simulation results we concluded that effective corrosion inhibition of iron may be achieved by injection 0.0532 wt% to 0.1156 wt% oxygen into liquid lead-bismuth. At this oxygen concentration the structure of iron material will be maintained at about 70% in bcc crystal structure during interaction withmore » liquid metal.« less

Study of buildup factor of gamma ray photons in bismuth-ground granulated blast furnace slag concrete

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Sandeep; Kaur, Ramanpreet; Singh, Tejbir; Singh, Sukhpal

2018-05-01

The gamma ray buildup factors of Bismuth-Ground granulated blast furnace slag (Bi-GGBFS) concrete in the composition of (0.6 cement + x Bi2O3+ (0.4-x) GGBFS, x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25) has been calculated by using Geometrical Progression formula in the energy region of 0.015-15 MeV as well as up to a penetration depth of 40 mean free paths, and have been studied as a function of incident photon energy. From the obtained results it is found that the fixed penetration depth values of buildup factor are very large in the medium energy region and in the low and high energy regions are low. The investigation was carried out to explore the advantages of the Bismuth-Ground granulated blast furnace slag (Bi-GGBFS) concrete in different radiation shielding applications.

Structural influence of mixed transition metal ions on lithium bismuth borate glasses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yadav, Arti; Dahiya, Manjeet S.; Hooda, A.; Chand, Prem; Khasa, S.

2017-08-01

Lithium bismuth borate glasses containing mixed transition metals having composition 7CoO·23Li2O·20Bi2O3·50B2O3 (CLBB), 7V2O5·23Li2O·20Bi2O3·50B2O3 (VLBB) and x(2CoO·V2O5)·(30 - x)Li2O·20Bi2O3·50B2O3 (x = 0.0 (LBB) and x = 2.0, 5.0, 7.0, 10.0 mol% (CVLBB1-4)) are synthesized via melt quench route. The synthesized compositions are investigated for their physical properties using density (D) and molar volume (Vm), thermal properties by analyzing DSC/TG thermo-graphs, structural properties using IR absorption spectra in the mid-IR range and optical properties using UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy. The Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectra of vanadyl and cobalt ion have been analyzed to study compositional effects on spin-Hamiltonian parameters. The non linear variations in physical properties depict a strong structural influence of Co/V- oxides on the glassy matrix. The compositional variations in characteristic temperatures (glass transition temperature Tg, glass crystallization temperature Tp and glass melting temperature Tm) reveals that Tg for glass samples CLBB is relatively less than that of pure lithium bismuth borate (LBB) glass sample wherein Tg for sample VLBB is higher than that of LBB. The increase in Tg (as compared with LBB) with an enhanced substitution of mixed transition metal oxides (2CoO·V2O5) shows a progressive structure modification of bismuth borate matrix. These predictions are very well corroborated by corresponding compositional trends of Tp and Tm. FTIR studies reveal that Co2+& VO2+ ions lead to structural rearrangements through the conversion of three-coordinated boron into four coordinated boron and thereby reducing number of non-bridging oxygen atoms. Bismuth is found to exist in [BiO6] octahedral units only, whereas boroxol rings are not present in the glass network. The theoretical values of optical basicity (Λth) and corresponding oxide ion polarizability (αo2-) have also been calculated to investigate oxygen covalency of

In Situ Activation of 3D Porous Bi/Carbon Architectures: Toward High-Energy and Stable Nickel-Bismuth Batteries.

PubMed

Zeng, Yinxiang; Lin, Ziqi; Wang, Zifan; Wu, Mingmei; Tong, Yexiang; Lu, Xihong

2018-05-01

To achieve high-energy and stable aqueous rechargeable batteries, state-of-the art of anode materials are needed. Bismuth (Bi) has recently emerged as an attractive anode material due to its highly reversible redox reaction and suitable negative operating working window. However, the capacity and durability of currently reported Bi anodes are still far from satisfactory. Here, an in situ activation strategy is reported to prepare a 3D porous high-density Bi nanoparticles/carbon architecture (P-Bi-C) as an efficient anode for nickel-bismuth batteries. Taking advantages of the fast channels for charge transfer and ion diffusion, enhanced wettability, and accessible surface area, the highly loaded P-Bi-C electrode delivers a remarkable capacity of 2.11 mA h cm -2 as well as high rate capability (1.19 mA h cm -2 at 120 mA cm -2 ). To highlight, a robust aqueous rechargeable Ni//Bi battery based on the P-Bi-C anode is first constructed, achieving decent capacity (141 mA h g -1 ), impressive durability (94% capacity retention after 5000 cycles), and admirable energy density (16.9 mW h cm -3 ). This work paves the way for designing superfast nickel-bismuth batteries with high energy and long-life and may inspire new development for aqueous rechargeable batteries. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Imaging the Dynamics of the Ferroelectric Stripe Phase Near a Field-Driven Phase Transition in Bismuth Ferrite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Laanait, Nouamane; Li, Qian; Zhang, Zhan; Kalinin, Sergei

Electric field-driven phase transitions in multiferroic systems such as Bismuth Ferrite could potentially host interesting domain dynamics due to the coexistence of multiple order parameters. Structural imaging of these dynamics under a host of elastic and electric boundary conditions is therefore of interest. Here, we present X-ray diffraction microscopy (XDM) studies of the domain wall dynamics in a bismuth ferrite thin-film near the field-driven transition from rhombohedral to monoclinic (R to M). XDM is a novel full-field imaging technique that uses Bragg diffraction contrast to image structural configurations with sub-100nm lateral resolutions and fast acquisition times (milliseconds to seconds per image). We find that under electric fields 100 kV/cm, a bismuth ferrite thin-film (100 nm BiFeO3/DyScO3 (110)) undergoes a structural phase transition but that this new phase (M) is pinned by the preexisting ferroelectric/ferroelastic stripe phase (R). At higher fields ( 300 kV/cm), we observe unusually slow domain wall dynamics in the stripe phase, consisting of periodicity doubling, domain wall roughening and crowding. These observed ferroelastic domain wall spatial dynamics are weakly constrained by the crystal symmetry of the orthorhombic substrate but exhibit nonlinear dynamics more commonly associated with disordered nematic systems. This work was supported by the Eugene P. Wigner Fellowship program at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy facility.

A multicenter, randomized, prospective study of 14-day ranitidine bismuth citrate- vs. lansoprazole-based triple therapy for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in dyspeptic patients.

PubMed

Avşar, Erol; Tiftikçi, Arzu; Poturoğlu, Sule; Erzin, Yusuf; Kocakaya, Ozan; Dinçer, Dinç; Yıldırım, Bulut; Güliter, Sefa; Türkay, Cansel; Yılmaz, Uğur; Onuk, Mehmet Derya; Bölükbaş, Cengiz; Ellidokuz, Ender; Bektaş, Ahmet; Taşan, Güralp; Aytuğ, Necip; Ateş, Yüksel; Kaymakoğlu, Sabahattin

2013-01-01

Proton-pump inhibitor and ranitidine bismuth citrate-based triple regimens are the two recommended first line treatments for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. We aimed to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of these two treatments in a prospective, multicentric, randomized study. Patients with dyspeptic complaints were recruited from 15 study centers. Presence of Helicobacter pylori was investigated by both histology and rapid urease test. The patients were randomized to either ranitidine bismuth citrate 400 mg bid plus amoxicillin 1 g bid plus clarithromycin 500 mg bid (n=149) or lansoprazole 30 mg bid plus amoxicillin 1 g bid plus clarithromycin 500 mg bid (n=130) treatment arm for 14 days. Adverse events have been recorded during the treatment phase. A 13 C urea breath test was performed 6 weeks after termination of treatment to assess the efficacy of the therapy. Eradication rate was calculated by intention-to-treat and per-protocol analysis. Two hundred seventy-nine patients (123 male, 156 female) were eligible for randomization. In per-protocol analysis (n=247), Helicobacter pylori was eradicated with ranitidine bismuth citrate- and lansoprazole-based regimens in 74,6% and 69,2% of cases, respectively (p>0,05). Intention-to-treat analysis (n=279) revealed that eradication rates were 65,1% and 63,6% in ranitidine bismuth citrate and in lansoprazole-based regimens, respectively (p>0,05). Both regimes were well-tolerated, and no serious adverse event was observed during the study. Ranitidine bismuth citrate-based regimen is at least as effective and tolerable as the classical proton-pump inhibitor-based regimen, but none of the therapies could achieve the recommendable eradication rate.

REDUCTION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS WITH MOLECULAR HYDROGEN BY MICROCOCCUS LACTILYTICUS I.

PubMed Central

Woolfolk, C. A.; Whiteley, H. R.

1962-01-01

Woolfolk, C. A. (University of Washington, Seattle) and H. R. Whiteley. Reduction of inorganic compounds with molecular hydrogen by Micrococcus lactilyticus. I. Stoichiometry with compounds of arsenic, selenium, tellurium, transition and other elements. J. Bacteriol. 84:647–658. 1962.—Extracts of Micrococcus lactilyticus (Veillonella alcalescens) oxidize molecular hydrogen at the expense of certain compounds of arsenic, bismuth, selenium, tellurium, lead, thallium, vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, osmium, ruthenium, gold, silver, and uranium, as well as molecular oxygen. Chemical and manometric data indicate that the following reductions are essentially quantitative: arsenate to arsenite, pentavalent and trivalent bismuth to the free element, selenite via elemental selenium to selenide, tellurate and tellurite to tellurium, lead dioxide and manganese dioxide to the divalent state, ferric to ferrous iron, osmium tetroxide to osmate ion, osmium dioxide and trivalent osmium to the metal, uranyl uranium to the tetravalent state, vanadate to the level of vanadyl, and polymolybdate ions to molybdenum blues with an average valence for molybdenum of +5. The results of a study of certain other hydrogenase-containing bacteria with respect to their ability to carry out some of the same reactions are also presented. PMID:14001842

A Solution Processable High-Performance Thermoelectric Copper Selenide Thin Film.

PubMed

Lin, Zhaoyang; Hollar, Courtney; Kang, Joon Sang; Yin, Anxiang; Wang, Yiliu; Shiu, Hui-Ying; Huang, Yu; Hu, Yongjie; Zhang, Yanliang; Duan, Xiangfeng

2017-06-01

A solid-state thermoelectric device is attractive for diverse technological areas such as cooling, power generation and waste heat recovery with unique advantages of quiet operation, zero hazardous emissions, and long lifetime. With the rapid growth of flexible electronics and miniature sensors, the low-cost flexible thermoelectric energy harvester is highly desired as a potential power supply. Herein, a flexible thermoelectric copper selenide (Cu 2 Se) thin film, consisting of earth-abundant elements, is reported. The thin film is fabricated by a low-cost and scalable spin coating process using ink solution with a truly soluble precursor. The Cu 2 Se thin film exhibits a power factor of 0.62 mW/(m K 2 ) at 684 K on rigid Al 2 O 3 substrate and 0.46 mW/(m K 2 ) at 664 K on flexible polyimide substrate, which is much higher than the values obtained from other solution processed Cu 2 Se thin films (<0.1 mW/(m K 2 )) and among the highest values reported in all flexible thermoelectric films to date (≈0.5 mW/(m K 2 )). Additionally, the fabricated thin film shows great promise to be integrated with the flexible electronic devices, with negligible performance change after 1000 bending cycles. Together, the study demonstrates a low-cost and scalable pathway to high-performance flexible thin film thermoelectric devices from relatively earth-abundant elements. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Ultrathin Lutetium Oxide Film as an Epitaxial Hole-Blocking Layer for Crystalline Bismuth Vanadate Water Splitting Photoanodes

DOE PAGES

Zhang, Wenrui; Yan, Danhua; Tong, Xiao; ...

2018-01-08

Here a novel ultrathin lutetium oxide (Lu 2O 3) interlayer is integrated with crystalline bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) thin film photoanodes to facilitate carrier transport through atomic-scale interface control. The epitaxial Lu 2O 32O 3

Swift heavy ion induced modifications in optical and electrical properties of cadmium selenide thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choudhary, Ritika; Chauhan, Rishi Pal

2017-07-01

The modification in various properties of thin films using high energetic ion beam is an exciting area of basic and applied research in semiconductors. In the present investigations, cadmium selenide (CdSe) thin films were deposited on ITO substrate using electrodeposition technique. To study the swift heavy ion (SHI) induced effects, the deposited thin films were irradiated with 120 MeV heavy Ag9+ ions using pelletron accelerator facility at IUAC, New Delhi, India. Structural phase transformation in CdSe thin film from metastable cubic phase to stable hexagonal phase was observed after irradiation leading to decrease in the band gap from 2.47 eV to 2.12 eV. The phase transformation was analyzed through X-ray diffraction patterns. During SHI irradiation, Generation of high temperature and pressure by thermal spike along the trajectory of incident ions in the thin films might be responsible for modification in the properties of thin films.[Figure not available: see fulltext.

Efficient cold cathode emission in crystalline-amorphous hybrid: Study on carbon nanotube-cadmium selenide system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sarkar, S.; Banerjee, D.; Das, N. S.; Ghorai, U. K.; Sen, D.; Chattopadhyay, K. K.

2018-03-01

Cadmium Selenide (CdSe) quantum dot (QD) decorated amorphous carbon nanotubes (a-CNTs) hybrids have been synthesized by simple chemical process. The samples were characterized by field emission scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Lattice image obtained from transmission electron microscopic study confirms the successful attachment of CdSe QDs. It is seen that hybrid samples show an enhanced cold emission properties with good stability. The results have been explained in terms of increased roughness, more numbers of emitting sites and favorable band bending induced electron transport. ANSYS software based calculation has also supported the result. Also a first principle based study has been done which shows that due to the formation of hybrid structure there is a profound upward shift in the Fermi level, i.e. a decrease of work function, which is believed to be another key reason for the observed improved field emission performance.

Giant energy density and high efficiency achieved in bismuth ferrite-based film capacitors via domain engineering.

PubMed

Pan, Hao; Ma, Jing; Ma, Ji; Zhang, Qinghua; Liu, Xiaozhi; Guan, Bo; Gu, Lin; Zhang, Xin; Zhang, Yu-Jun; Li, Liangliang; Shen, Yang; Lin, Yuan-Hua; Nan, Ce-Wen

2018-05-08

Developing high-performance film dielectrics for capacitive energy storage has been a great challenge for modern electrical devices. Despite good results obtained in lead titanate-based dielectrics, lead-free alternatives are strongly desirable due to environmental concerns. Here we demonstrate that giant energy densities of ~70 J cm -3 , together with high efficiency as well as excellent cycling and thermal stability, can be achieved in lead-free bismuth ferrite-strontium titanate solid-solution films through domain engineering. It is revealed that the incorporation of strontium titanate transforms the ferroelectric micro-domains of bismuth ferrite into highly-dynamic polar nano-regions, resulting in a ferroelectric to relaxor-ferroelectric transition with concurrently improved energy density and efficiency. Additionally, the introduction of strontium titanate greatly improves the electrical insulation and breakdown strength of the films by suppressing the formation of oxygen vacancies. This work opens up a feasible and propagable route, i.e., domain engineering, to systematically develop new lead-free dielectrics for energy storage.

Optical properties of bismuth and gallium substituted thulium iron garnet films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gerhardt, R.; Sure, S.; Dötsch, H.; Linkewitz, T.; Tolksdorf, W.

1993-09-01

Bismuth and gallium substituted films of thulium iron garnet, grown by liquid phase epitaxy on [111] oriented substrates of gadolinium gallium garnet, are investigated for optical isolator applications. At a wavelength of λ = 1.3 μm the optical damping, the refractive index, the optical anisotropy, and the Faraday rotation are measured as function of the substitution level. It turns out that the growth induced optical anisotropy is very small, similar to the magnetic anisotropy. The observed difference between forward and backward propagation constants of TM modes is in excellent agreement with calculations.

Synthesis and properties of silver nanoparticles in sodium bismuth borate glasses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Patwari, D. Rajeshree; Eraiah, B.

2018-04-01

Rare earth doped Sodium Bismuth Borate glass samples with silver chloride were prepared by melt quenching method. X-Ray diffraction pattern was used to confirm the amorphous nature of the samples. UV-Visible Spectra was recorded to study the optical properties. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak was observed due to the formation of silver nanoparticles before and after heat treatment and the presence of silver nanoparticles were confirmed by UV-Visible Spectral studies and transmission electron microscopy. The surface plasmon resonance band became wider and red shifted after longer heat treatment.

Superconducting Properties of Lead-Bismuth Films Controlled by Ferromagnetic Nanowire Arrays

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ye, Zuxin; Lyuksyutov, Igor F.; Wu, Wenhao; Naugle, Donald G.

2011-03-01

Superconducting properties of lead-bismuth (82% Pb and 18% Bi) alloy films deposited on ferromagnetic nanowire arrays have been investigated. Ferromagnetic Co or Ni nanowires are first electroplated into the columnar pores of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes. Superconducting Pb 82 Bi 18 films are then quench-condensed onto the polished surface of the AAO membranes filled with magnetic nanowires. A strong dependence of the Pb 82 Bi 18 superconducting properties on the ratio of the superconducting film thickness to the magnetic nanowire diameter and the material variety was observed.

Hepatic Artery Resection for Bismuth Type III and IV Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: Is Reconstruction Always Required?

PubMed

Hu, Hai-Jie; Jin, Yan-Wen; Zhou, Rong-Xing; Shrestha, Anuj; Ma, Wen-Jie; Yang, Qin; Wang, Jun-Ke; Liu, Fei; Cheng, Nan-Sheng; Li, Fu-Yu

2018-03-06

The objective of the study is to examine the feasibility of hepatic artery resection (HAR) without subsequent reconstruction (RCS) in specified patients of Bismuth type III and IV hilar cholangiocarcinoma. We retrospectively reviewed 63 patients who underwent hepatic artery resection for Bismuth type III and IV hilar cholangiocarcinoma. These patients were subsequently enrolled into two groups based on whether the artery reconstruction was conducted. Postoperative morbidity and mortality, and long-term survival outcome were compared between the two groups. There were 29 patients in HAR group and 34 patients in the HAR + RCS group. Patients with hepatic artery reconstruction tended to have longer operative time (545.6 ± 143.1 min vs. 656.3 ± 192.8 min; P = 0.013) and smaller tumor size (3.0 ± 1.1 cm vs. 2.5 ± 0.9 cm; P = 0.036). The R0 resection margin was comparable between the HAR group and HAR + RCS group (86.2 vs. 85.3%; P > 0.05). Twelve patients (41.4%) with 24 complications in HAR group and 13 patients (38.2%) with 25 complications in HAR + RCS group were recorded (P = 0.799). The postoperative hepatic failure rate (13.8 vs. 5.9%) and postoperative mortality rate (3.4% vs. 2.9%) were also comparable between the two groups. In the HAR group, the overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 72, 41, and 19%, respectively; while in the HAR + RCS group, the overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 79, 45, and 25%, respectively (P = 0.928). Hepatic artery resection without reconstruction is also a safe and feasible surgical procedure for highly selected cases of Bismuth type III and IV hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

Spin valley and giant quantum spin Hall gap of hydrofluorinated bismuth nanosheet.

PubMed

Gao, Heng; Wu, Wei; Hu, Tao; Stroppa, Alessandro; Wang, Xinran; Wang, Baigeng; Miao, Feng; Ren, Wei

2018-05-09

Spin-valley and electronic band topological properties have been extensively explored in quantum material science, yet their coexistence has rarely been realized in stoichiometric two-dimensional (2D) materials. We theoretically predict the quantum spin Hall effect (QSHE) in the hydrofluorinated bismuth (Bi 2 HF) nanosheet where the hydrogen (H) and fluorine (F) atoms are functionalized on opposite sides of bismuth (Bi) atomic monolayer. Such Bi 2 HF nanosheet is found to be a 2D topological insulator with a giant band gap of 0.97 eV which might host room temperature QSHE. The atomistic structure of Bi 2 HF nanosheet is noncentrosymmetric and the spontaneous polarization arises from the hydrofluorinated morphology. The phonon spectrum and ab initio molecular dynamic (AIMD) calculations reveal that the proposed Bi 2 HF nanosheet is dynamically and thermally stable. The inversion symmetry breaking together with spin-orbit coupling (SOC) leads to the coupling between spin and valley in Bi 2 HF nanosheet. The emerging valley-dependent properties and the interplay between intrinsic dipole and SOC are investigated using first-principles calculations combined with an effective Hamiltonian model. The topological invariant of the Bi 2 HF nanosheet is confirmed by using Wilson loop method and the calculated helical metallic edge states are shown to host QSHE. The Bi 2 HF nanosheet is therefore a promising platform to realize room temperature QSHE and valley spintronics.

Effect of Immersion Time on Corrosion Behavior of Single-Phase Alloy and Nanocomposite Bismuth Telluride-Based Thermoelectrics in NaCl Solution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keshavarz, Mohsen K.; Fattah-Alhosseini, Arash

2018-05-01

The corrosiveness of bismuth telluride-based thermoelectric materials (n-type single-phase alloy and a nanocomposite with MoS2 nanoinclusions), in 0.1 molar solution of sodium chloride (NaCl), was investigated. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy curves obtained after 1, 24, 48 and 72 h immersion time revealed the enhancement of the corrosion resistance of the nanocomposite specimen in a 0.1 molar NaCl solution in comparison with the single-phase bismuth telluride-based alloys, and the passivity increased by immersion time up to 72 h. The nanocomposite sample with submicron grains provided suitable nucleation sites for passive film nucleation that led to higher protective behavior.

First-principles calculation of the polarization-dependent force driving the Eg mode in bismuth under optical excitation.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Murray, Eamonn; Fahy, Stephen

2014-03-01

Using first principles electronic structure methods, we calculate the induced force on the Eg (zone centre transverse optical) phonon mode in bismuth immediately after absorption of polarized light. When radiation with polarization perpendicular to the c-axis is absorbed in bismuth, the distribution of excited electrons and holes breaks the three-fold rotational symmetry and leads to a net force on the atoms in the direction perpendicular to the axis. We calculate the initial excited electronic distribution as a function of photon energy and polarization and find the resulting transverse and longitudinal forces experienced by the atoms. Using the measured, temperature-dependent rate of decay of the transverse force[2], we predict the approximate amplitude of induced atomic motion in the Eg mode as a function of temperature and optical fluence. This work is supported by Science Foundation Ireland and a Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowship.

Bismuth- and lithium-loaded plastic scintillators for gamma and neutron detection (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martinez, H. Paul; Cherepy, Nerine J.; Sanner, Robert D.; Beck, Patrick R.; Swanberg, Eric L.; Payne, Stephen A.

2016-09-01

Plastic scintillators are widely deployed for ionizing radiation detection, as they can be fabricated in large sizes, for high detection efficiency. However commercial plastics are limited in use for gamma spectroscopy, since their photopeak is too weak, due to low Z, and they are also limited in use for neutron detection, since proton recoils are indistinguishable from other ionizing radiation absorption events in standard plastics. We are working on scale up and production of transparent plastic scintillators based on polystyrene (PS) with high loading of bismuth metallorganics for gamma spectroscopy, and with lithium metallorganics for neutron detection. When activated with standard organic fluors, PS scintillators containing 8 wt% bismuth provide energy resolution of 11% at 662 keV. A PS plastic formulation including 1.3 wt% lithium-6 provides a neutron capture peak at 525 keVee, with 11% resolution for the capture peak and 90% efficiency for thermal neutron capture in 2mm thickness. Acknowledgements This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. DOE by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344, and has been supported by the US DOE National Nuclear Security Administration, Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Research and Development under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098

Bismuth@US-tubes as a Potential Contrast Agent for X-ray Imaging Applications

PubMed Central

Rivera, Eladio J.; Tran, Lesa A.; Hernández-Rivera, Mayra; Yoon, Diana; Mikos, Antonios G.; Rusakova, Irene A.; Cheong, Benjamin Y.; Cabreira-Hansen, Maria da Graça; Willerson, James T.; Perin, Emerson C.; Wilson, Lon J.

2013-01-01

The encapsulation of bismuth as BiOCl/Bi2O3 within ultra-short (ca. 50 nm) single-walled carbon nanocapsules (US-tubes) has been achieved. The Bi@US-tubes have been characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. Bi@US-tubes have been used for intracellular labeling of pig bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to show high X-ray contrast in computed tomography (CT) cellular imaging for the first time. The relatively high contrast is achieved with low bismuth loading (2.66% by weight) within the US-tubes and without compromising cell viability. X-ray CT imaging of Bi@US-tubes-labeled MSCs showed a nearly two-fold increase in contrast enhancement when compared to unlabeled MSCs in a 100 kV CT clinical scanner. The CT signal enhancement from the Bi@US-tubes is 500 times greater than polymer-coated Bi2S3 nanoparticles and several-fold that of any clinical iodinated contrast agent (CA) at the same concentration. Our findings suggest that the Bi@US-tubes can be used as a potential new class of X-ray CT agent for stem cell labeling and possibly in vivo tracking. PMID:24288589

Phase transition studies in bismuth ferrite thin films synthesized via spray pyrolysis technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goyal, Ankit; Lakhotia, Harish

2013-06-01

Multiferroic are the materials, which combine two or more "ferroic" properties, ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity or ferroelasticity. BiFeO3 is the only single phase multiferroic material which possesses a high Curie temperature (TC ˜ 1103 K), and a high Neel temperature (TN ˜ 643 K) at room temperature. Normally sophisticated methods are being used to deposit thin films but here we have tried a different method Low cost Spray Pyrolysis Method to deposit BiFeO3 thin film of Glass Substrate with rhombohedral crystal structure and R3c space group. Bismuth Ferrite thin films are synthesized using Bismuth Nitrate and Iron Nitrate as precursor solutions. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to study structural analysis of prepared thin films. XRD pattern shows phase formation of BiFeO3 and SEM analysis shows formation of nanocrystals of 200 nm. High Temperature Resistivity measurements were done by using Keithley Electrometer (Two Probe system). Abrupt behavior in temperature range (313 K - 400K) has been observed in resistance studies which more likely suggests that in this transition the structure is tetragonal rather than rhombohedral. BiFeO3 is the potential active material in the next generation of ferroelectric memory devices.

Deposition of Visible Light Active Photocatalytic Bismuth Molybdate Thin Films by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering

PubMed Central

Ratova, Marina; Kelly, Peter J.; West, Glen T.; Xia, Xiaohong; Gao, Yun

2016-01-01

Bismuth molybdate thin films were deposited by reactive magnetron co-sputtering from two metallic targets in an argon/oxygen atmosphere, reportedly for the first time. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis showed that the ratio of bismuth to molybdenum in the coatings can be effectively controlled by varying the power applied to each target. Deposited coatings were annealed in air at 673 K for 30 min. The crystalline structure was assessed by means of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Oxidation state information was obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Photodegradation of organic dyes methylene blue and rhodamine B was used for evaluation of the photocatalytic properties of the coatings under a visible light source. The photocatalytic properties of the deposited coatings were then compared to a sample of commercial titanium dioxide-based photocatalytic product. The repeatability of the dye degradation reactions and photocatalytic coating reusability are discussed. It was found that coatings with a Bi:Mo ratio of approximately 2:1 exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity of the coatings studied; its efficacy in dye photodegradation significantly outperformed a sample of commercial photocatalytic coating. PMID:28787867

Percutaneous intraductal radiofrequency ablation in the management of unresectable Bismuth types III and IV hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

PubMed

Wang, Yu; Cui, Wei; Fan, Wenzhe; Zhang, Yingqiang; Yao, Wang; Huang, Kunbo; Li, Jiaping

2016-08-16

To assess the feasibility and safety of percutaneous intraductal radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for unresectable Bismuth types III and IV hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Percutaneous intraductal RFA combined with metal stent placement was successful in all patients without any technical problems; the technical success rate was 100%. Chemotherapy was administered to two patients. After treatment, serum direct bilirubin levels were notably decreased. Six patients died during the follow-up period. Median stent patency from the time of the first RFA and survival from the time of diagnosis were 100 days (95% confidence interval (CI), 85-115 days) and 5.3 months (95% CI, 2.5-8.1 months), respectively. No acute pancreatitis, bile duct bleeding and perforation, bile leakage, or other severe complications occurred. Four cases of procedure-related cholangitis, three cases of postoperative abdominal pain, and five cases of asymptomatic transient increase in serum amylase were observed. One patient who presented with stent blockage 252 days' post-procedure underwent repeat ablation. Between September 2013 and May 2015, nine patients with unresectable Bismuth types III and IV hilar cholangiocarcinoma who were treated with percutaneous intraductal RFA combined with metal stent placement after the percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage were included in the retrospective analysis. Procedure-related complications, stent patency, and survival after treatment were investigated. Percutaneous intraductal RFA combined with metal stent placement is a technically safe and feasible therapeutic option for the palliative treatment of unresectable Bismuth types III and IV hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Its long-term efficacy and safety is promising, but needs further study via randomized and prospective trials that include a greater number of patients.

γ irradiation induced effects on bismuth active centres and related photoluminescence properties of Bi/Er co-doped optical fibres

PubMed Central

Sporea, D.; Mihai, L.; Neguţ, D.; Luo, Yanhua; Yan, Binbin; Ding, Mingjie; Wei, Shuen; Peng, Gang-Ding

2016-01-01

We investigate the effects of γ irradiation on bismuth active centres (BACs) and related photoluminescence properties of bismuth/erbium co-doped silica fibre (BEDF), [Si] ~28, [Ge] ~1.60, [Al] ~0.10, [Er] ~ <0.10 and [Bi] ~0.10 atom%, fabricated by in-situ solution doping and Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD). The samples were irradiated at 1 kGy, 5 kGy, 15 kGy, 30 kGy and 50 kGy doses, and dose rate of 5.5 kGy/h, at room temperature. The optical properties of BEDF samples are tested before and after γ irradiation. We found that high dose γ irradiation could significantly influence the formation and composition of BACs and their photoluminescence performance, as important changes in absorption and emission properties associated with the 830 nm pump produces the direct evidence of γ irradiation effects on BAC-Si. We notice that the saturable to unsaturable absorption ratio at pump wavelength could be increased with high dose γ irradiation, indicating that emission and pump efficiency could be increased by γ irradiation. Our experimental results also reveal good radiation survivability of the BEDF under low and moderate γ irradiation. Our investigation suggests the existence of irradiation related processing available for tailoring the photoluminescence properties and performance of bismuth doped/co-doped fibres. PMID:27440386

A study on the optics of copper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS) solar cells with ultra-thin absorber layers.

PubMed

Xu, Man; Wachters, Arthur J H; van Deelen, Joop; Mourad, Maurice C D; Buskens, Pascal J P

2014-03-10

We present a systematic study of the effect of variation of the zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS) layer thickness on the absorption characteristics of CIGS solar cells using a simulation program based on finite element method (FEM). We show that the absorption in the CIGS layer does not decrease monotonically with its layer thickness due to interference effects. Ergo, high precision is required in the CIGS production process, especially when using ultra-thin absorber layers, to accurately realize the required thickness of the ZnO, cadmium sulfide (CdS) and CIGS layer. We show that patterning the ZnO window layer can strongly suppress these interference effects allowing a higher tolerance in the production process.

MO-F-CAMPUS-I-04: Patient Eye-Lens Dose Reduction in Routine Brain CT Examinations Using Organ-Based Tube Current Modulation and In-Plane Bismuth Shielding

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tsai, Hui-Yu; Liao, Ying-Lan; Chang Gung University / Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyun, Taiwan

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess eye-lens dose for patients who underwent brain CT examinations using two dose reduction Methods: organ-based tube current modulation (OBTCM) and in-plane bismuth shielding method. Methods: This study received institutional review board approval; written informed consent to participate was obtained from all patients. Ninety patients who underwent the routine brain CT examination were randomly assigned to three groups, ie. routine, OBTCM, and bismuth shield. The OBTCM technique reduced the tube current when the X-ray tube rotates in front of patients’ eye-lens region. The patients in the bismuth shield group were covered one-plymore » bismuth shield in the eyes’ region. Eye-lens doses were measured using TLD-100H chips and the total effective doses were calculated using CT-Expo according to the CT scanning parameters. The surface doses for patients at off-center positions were assessed to evaluate the off-centering effect. Results: Phantom measurements indicates that OBTCM technique could reduced by 26% to 28% of the surface dose to the eye lens, and increased by 25% of the surface dose at the opposed incident direction at the angle of 180°. Patients’ eye-lens doses were reduced 16.9% and 30.5% dose of bismuth shield scan and OBTCM scan, respectively compared to the routine scan. The eye-lens doses were apparently increased when the table position was lower than isocenter. Conclusion: Reducing the dose to the radiosensitive organs, such as eye lens, during routine brain CT examinations could lower the radiation risks. The OBTCM technique and in-plane bismuth shielding could be used to reduce the eye-lens dose. The eye-lens dose could be effectively reduced using OBTCM scan without interfering the diagnostic image quality. Patient position relative the CT gantry also affects the dose level of the eye lens. This study was supported by the grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (MOST103

Bismuth(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate catalyzed ring opening reaction of mono epoxy oleochemicals to form keto and diketo derivatives

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Using a catalytic system, methyl oleate is transformed into long chain keto and diketo derivatives via an epoxide route. Methyl 9(10)-oxooctadecanoate and methyl 9,10-dioxooctadecanoate were made by a ring opening reaction of epoxidized methyl oleate using bismuth triflate catalyst. Lower reaction t...

Bismuth Sodium Titanate Based Materials for Piezoelectric Actuators

PubMed Central

Reichmann, Klaus; Feteira, Antonio; Li, Ming

2015-01-01

The ban of lead in many electronic products and the expectation that, sooner or later, this ban will include the currently exempt piezoelectric ceramics based on Lead-Zirconate-Titanate has motivated many research groups to look for lead-free substitutes. After a short overview on different classes of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics with large strain, this review will focus on Bismuth-Sodium-Titanate and its solid solutions. These compounds exhibit extraordinarily high strain, due to a field induced phase transition, which makes them attractive for actuator applications. The structural features of these materials and the origin of the field-induced strain will be revised. Technologies for texturing, which increases the useable strain, will be introduced. Finally, the features that are relevant for the application of these materials in a multilayer design will be summarized. PMID:28793724

A study of early corrosion behaviors of FeCrAl alloys in liquid lead-bismuth eutectic environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lim, Jun; Nam, Hyo On; Hwang, Il Soon; Kim, Ji Hyun

2010-12-01

Lead and lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) alloy have been increasingly receiving attention as heavy liquid metal coolants (HLMC) for future nuclear energy systems. The compatibility of structural materials and components with lead-bismuth eutectic liquid at high temperature is one of key issues for the commercialization of lead fast reactors. In the present study, the corrosion behaviors of iron-based alumina-forming alloys (Kanthal-AF®, PM2000, MA956) were investigated by exposing to stagnant LBE environments at 500 °C and 550 °C for up to 500 h. After exposures, the thickness and chemistry of the oxide layer on the specimens were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. As a result, the oxide characteristics and the corrosion resistance were compared. In this study, it was shown that the corrosion resistance of FeCrAl ODS steels (PM2000, MA956) are superior to that of FeCrAl ferritic steel (Kanthal-AF®) in higher temperature LBE.

Evaluation of gamma-ray attenuation properties of bismuth borate glass systems using Monte Carlo method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tarim, Urkiye Akar; Ozmutlu, Emin N.; Yalcin, Sezai; Gundogdu, Ozcan; Bradley, D. A.; Gurler, Orhan

2017-11-01

A Monte Carlo method was developed to investigate radiation shielding properties of bismuth borate glass. The mass attenuation coefficients and half-value layer parameters were determined for different fractional amounts of Bi2O3 in the glass samples for the 356, 662, 1173 and 1332 keV photon energies. A comparison of the theoretical and experimental attenuation coefficients is presented.

The structural studies of vanadium substituted lithium-bismuth-boro-tellurite glass

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Madhu, A.; Eraiah, B.

2018-05-01

The structural studies of vanadium substituted lithium-bismuth-boro-tellurite glass is successfully prepared and certain analysis like XRD,FTIR,DTA/TGA with density, molar volume are done. The amorphous phase has been identified based on X-ray diffraction analysis. The vanadium oxide plays the role as a glass-modifier and influences on BO3 ↔ BO4 conversion. The observed nonlinear variation in Tg with vanadium oxide increase, it reflects structural changes. The nonlinear variation of density and molar volume can be attributed to vanadium oxide incorporation have increased the number of Non-bridging oxygen (NBO'S).

Bismuth Oxide Nanoparticles Partially Substituted with EuIII, MnIV, and SiIV: Structural, Spectroscopic, and Optical Findings.

PubMed

Ortiz-Quiñonez, José-Luis; Zumeta-Dubé, Inti; Díaz, David; Nava-Etzana, Noel; Cruz-Zaragoza, Epifanio; Santiago-Jacinto, Patricia

2017-03-20

Interest in nanostructured partially substituted bismuth oxides has been increasing over the last years. Research on new synthesis methods, properties, and possible uses for these oxides is needed. The objective of this paper is to synthesize β-Bi 2 O 3 , β-Bi 2 O 3 :Eu 3+ , β-Bi 2 O 3 :Mn 4+ , Bi 12 Bi 0.8 O 19.2 , Bi 12 Bi 0.8 O 19.2 /Li + , Bi 12 MnO 20 , and Bi 12 SiO 20 nanoparticles and to investigate their structural, spectroscopic, and optical changes. Some of the causes that generated their properties are also discussed. These materials are important because the doping or partial substitution of bismuth oxide with these cations (Eu 3+ , Mn 4+ , and Si 4+ ) modifies some properties such as optical absorption, reactivity toward CO 2 , among others. X-ray diffraction (in powders), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), resonance Raman scattering, diffuse reflectance, and solid-state magic-angle-spinning 29 Si NMR were used for the characterization of the synthesized materials. We found that partial substitution of yellow Bi 12 Bi 0.8 O 19.2 with Mn 4+ and Si 4+ changed the color to green and whitish, respectively. New bands in the Raman scattering and FTIR spectra of these oxides are deeply discussed. Raman scattering spectroscopy was a valuable and reliable technique to detect the Eu 3+ and Mn 4+ cations as dopants in the bismuth oxides. The 29 Si chemical shift (δ) in Bi 12 SiO 20 was -78.16 ppm, whereas in SiO 2 , it was around -110 ppm. This considerable shift in Bi 12 SiO 20 occurred because of an increased shielding of the Si nucleus in the Si(O) 4 tetrahedron. This shielding was provided by the low-electronegativity and highly polarizable Bi cations. The isovalent doping of β-Bi 2 O 3 nanoparticles with Eu 3+ enhanced their thermal stability over 400 °C. Variation in the optical absorption and reactivity toward the acidic CO 2 molecule of the partially substituted bismuth oxides was explained on the

A Molecular Ni-complex Containing Tetrahedral Nickel Selenide Core as Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for Water Oxidation.

PubMed

Masud, Jahangir; Ioannou, Polydoros-Chrysovalantis; Levesanos, Nikolaos; Kyritsis, Panayotis; Nath, Manashi

2016-11-23

We report the highly efficient catalytic activity of a transition metal selenide-based coordination complex, [Ni{(SeP i Pr 2 ) 2 N} 2 ], (1) for oxygen evolution and hydrogen evolution reactions (OER and HER, respectively) in alkaline solution. Very low overpotentials of 200 mV and 310 mV were required to achieve 10 mA cm -2 for OER and HER, respectively. The overpotential for OER is one of the lowest that has been reported up to now, making this one of the best OER electrocatalysts. In addition, this molecular complex exhibits an exceptionally high mass activity (111.02 A g -1 ) and a much higher TOF value (0.26 s -1 ) at a overpotential of 300 mV. This bifunctional electrocatalyst enables water electrolysis in alkaline solutions at a cell voltage of 1.54 V. © 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Improved microstructure and thermoelectric properties of iodine doped indium selenide as a function of sintering temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dhama, Pallavi; Kumar, Aparabal; Banerji, P.

2018-04-01

In this paper, we explored the effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure, thermal and electrical properties of iodine doped indium selenide in the temperature range 300 - 700 K. Samples were prepared by a collaborative process of vacuum melting, ball milling and spark plasma sintering at 570 K, 630 K and 690 K. Single phase samples were obtained at higher sintering temperature as InSe is stable only at lower temperature. With increasing sintering temperature, densities of the samples were found to improve with larger grain size formation. Negative values of Seebeck coefficient were observed which indicates n-type carrier transport. Seebeck coefficient increases with sintering temperature and found to be the highest for the sample sintered at 690 K. Thermal conductivity found to be lower in the samples sintered at lower temperatures. The maximum thermoelectric figure of merit found to be ˜ 1 at 700 K due to the enhanced power factor as a result of improved microstructure.

Orogenic-type copper-gold-arsenic-(bismuth) mineralization at Flatschach (Eastern Alps), Austria

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raith, Johann G.; Leitner, Thomas; Paar, Werner H.

2015-10-01

Structurally controlled Cu-Au mineralization in the historic Flatschach mining district (Styria, Austria) occurs in a NE-SW to NNE-WSW oriented vein system as multiple steep-dipping calcite-(dolomite)-quartz veins in amphibolite facies metamorphic rocks (banded gneisses/amphibolites, orthogneisses, metagranitoids) of the poly-metamorphosed Austroalpine Silvretta-Seckau nappe. Vein formation postdated ductile deformation events and Eoalpine (Late Cretaceous) peak metamorphism but predated Early to Middle Miocene sediment deposition in the Fohnsdorf pull-apart basin; coal-bearing sediments cover the metamorphic basement plus the mineralized veins at the northern edge of the basin. Three gold-bearing ore stages consist of a stage 1 primary hydrothermal (mesothermal?) ore assemblage dominated by chalcopyrite, pyrite and arsenopyrite. Associated minor minerals include alloclasite, enargite, bornite, sphalerite, galena, bismuth and matildite. Gold in this stage is spatially associated with chalcopyrite occurring as inclusions, along re-healed micro-fractures or along grain boundaries of chalcopyrite with pyrite or arsenopyrite. Sericite-carbonate alteration is developed around the veins. Stage 2 ore minerals formed by the replacement of stage 1 sulfides and include digenite, anilite, "blue-remaining covellite" (spionkopite, yarrowite), bismuth, and the rare copper arsenides domeykite and koutekite. Gold in stage 2 is angular to rounded in shape and occurs primarily in the carbonate (calcite, Fe-dolomite) gangue and less commonly together with digenite, domeykite/koutekite and bismuth. Stage 3 is a strongly oxidized assemblage that includes hematite, cuprite, and various secondary Cu- and Fe-hydroxides and -carbonates. It formed during supergene weathering. Stage 1 and 2 gold consists mostly of electrum (gold fineness 640-860; mean = 725; n = 46), and rare near pure gold (fineness 930-940; n = 6). Gold in stage 3 is Ag-rich electrum (fineness 350-490, n = 12), and has a

Electrolytic Polishing and Etching Techniques for Preparing Specimens of Bismuth and Antimony and Their Alloys: Materials and Structures.

DTIC Science & Technology

Electrolytic polishing was performed in a solution of methyl alcohol, sulphuric acid , hydrocloric acid and ethylene glycol. Etching was done...electrolytically in a 5 percent chromic acid solution. Use of these techniques has permitted detailed studies of the microstructures of bismuth-antimony single

Solution-proceed Air-stable Copper Bismuth Iodide CuBiI₄ for Photovoltaics.

PubMed

Hu, Zhaosheng; Wang, Zhen; Kapil, Gaurav; Ma, Tingli; Iikubo, Satoshi; Minemoto, Takashi; Yoshino, Kenji; Toyoda, Taro; Shen, Qing; Hayase, Shuzi

2018-06-19

Bismuth based solar cells have been under intensive interest as an efficient non-toxic absorber in photovoltaics. Within this new family of semiconductors, we herein, report a new, long-term stable material copper bismuth iodide (CuBiI₄). A solution-processed method is provided under air atmosphere. The adopted HI assisted Dimethylacetamide (DMA) co-solvent can completely dissolve CuI and BiI₃ powders with high concentration compared to other organic solvent. Moreover, high vapor pressure of Tributyl phosphate, we select for the solvent vapor annealing (SVA), enables the whole low-temperature (≤70⁰C) film preparation. It results in a stable, uniform dense CuBiI₄ film. The average grains size increasing with precursor concentration, greatly enlarge the PL life time and hall mobility. And carrier lifetime of 3.03 ns as well as an appreciable hall mobility of 110 cm²/Vs were obtained. X-ray diffraction illustrates that the crystal structure is cubic (space group Fd3m) and favored in [1, 1, 1] direction. Moreover, the photovoltaic performance of CuBiI₄ was also investigated. A wide-bandgap (2.67 eV) solar cell with 0.82 % performance is presented, which shows an excellent long-term stability at least over 1008 hours under ambient conditions. This air-stable material may give an application in future tandem solar cells as a stable short-wavelength light absorber. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Biomolecule-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of silver bismuth sulfide with nanostructures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kaowphong, Sulawan, E-mail: sulawank@gmail.com; Materials Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200

2012-05-15

Silver bismuth sulfide (AgBiS{sub 2}) nanostructures were successfully prepared via a simple biomolecule-assisted hydrothermal synthesis at 200 Degree-Sign C for 12-72 h. Silver nitrate, bismuth nitrate and L-cysteine were used as starting materials. Here, the biomolecule, L-cysteine, was served as the sulfide source and a complexing agent. The products, characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were cubic AgBiS{sub 2} nanoparticles with a diameter range of about 20-75 nm. It was found that their crystallinity and particle size increased with increasing reaction time. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and inductively coupledmore » plasma optical emission spectrophotometry (ICP-OES) analyses were used to confirm the stoichiometry of AgBiS{sub 2}. The optical band gap of the AgBiS{sub 2} nanoparticles, calculated from UV-vis spectra, was 3.0 eV which indicated a strong blue shift because of the quantum confinement effect. A possible formation mechanism of the AgBiS{sub 2} nanoparticles was also discussed. - Graphical abstract: The optical band gap of the as-prepared AgBiS{sub 2} nanoparticles displays a strong blue shift comparing to the 2.46 eV of bulk AgBiS{sub 2} caused by the quantum confinement effects. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer A simple biomolecule-assisted hydrothermal method is developed to prepare AgBiS{sub 2}. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer L-Cysteine is served as the sulfide source and a complexing agent. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Increase in band gap of the AgBiS{sub 2} nanoparticles attributes to the quantum confinement effects.« less

Implanted bismuth donors in 28-Si: Process development and electron spin resonance measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weis, C. D.; Lo, C. C.; Lang, V.; George, R. E.; Tyryshkin, A. M.; Bokor, J.; Lyon, S. A.; Morton, J. J. L.; Schenkel, T.

2012-02-01

Spins of donor atoms in silicon are excellent qubit candidates. Isotope engineered substrates provide a nuclear spin free host environment, resulting in long spin coherence times [1,2]. The capability of swapping quantum information between electron and nuclear spins can enable quantum communication and gate operation via the electron spin and quantum memory via the nuclear spin [2]. Spin properties of donor qubit candidates in silicon have been studied mostly for phosphorous and antimony [1-3]. Bismuth donors in silicon exhibit a zero field splitting of 7.4 GHz and have attracted attention as potential nuclear spin memory and spin qubit candidates [4,5] that could be coupled to superconducting resonators [4,6]. We report on progress in the formation of bismuth doped 28-Si epi layers by ion implantation, electrical dopant activation and their study via pulsed electron spin resonance measurements showing narrow linewidths and good coherence times. [4pt] [1] A. M. Tyryshkin, et al. arXiv: 1105.3772 [2] J. J. L. Morton, et al. Nature (2008) [3] T. Schenkel, et al APL 2006; F. R. Bradbury, et al. PRL (2006) [4] R. E. George, et al. PRL (2010) [5] G. W. Morley, et al. Nat Mat (2010) [6] M. Hatridge, et al. PRB (2011), R. Vijay, et al. APL (2010) This work was supported by NSA (100000080295) and DOE (DE-AC02-05CH11231).

Synthesis of bismuth titanate (BTO) nanopowder and fabrication of microstrip rectangular patch antenna

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thiruramanathan, P.; Sharma, Sanjeev K.; Sankar, S.; Sankar Ganesh, R.; Marikani, A.; Kim, Deuk Young

2016-12-01

The bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12) or BTO nanopowder was synthesized from the combustion method and fabricated a microstrip rectangular patch antenna (MPA). The crystal structure and lattice spacing of BTO were evaluated from XRD, TEM, and SAED analysis. The crystal structure of BTO (annealed at 900 °C) was observed to be the orthorhombic phase with fcc lattice. The microstructure of BTO nanoparticles was confirmed the spherical and hexagonal shapes, which were slightly agglomerated due to the lack of stabilizing surfactants. The presence of weak and wide bands in Raman spectrum quantified the mechanical compressions to the uniform directions of elongated lattice constants and tensions to the lattice constriction of crystalline bismuth titanate. To fabricate the MPA, pellets of BTO nanopowder were prepared by applying the uniaxial pressure in the dimension of 1.5 mm thickness and 8 mm diameter. These pellets were formed a densely packed structure close to the theoretical density. The coercivity and remanence polarization of BTO ceramics increased as the applied field increased. The inexpensive combustion synthesis method of BTO nanopowder showed the high dielectric constant (ɛ' = 450) and low dielectric loss (tan δ = 0.98), which has a potential implication of the cost-effectiveness in the field of miniaturized microelectronics. The synthesis and measurements of BTO ceramics are found to be suitable for wireless communication systems.

Determination of silver, bismuth, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in geologic materials by atomic absorption spectrometry with tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride

USGS Publications Warehouse

Viets, J.G.

1978-01-01

Interferences commonly encountered in the determination of silver, bismuth, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc at crustal abundance levels are effectively eliminated using a rapid, sensitive, organic extraction technique. A potassium chlorate-hydrochloric acid digestion solubilizes the metals not tightly bound in the silicate lattice of rocks, soils, and stream sediments. The six metals are selectively extracted into a 10% Aliquat 336-MIBK organic phase in the presence of ascorbic acid and potassium iodide. Metals in the organic extract are determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry to the 0.02-ppm level for silver, cadmium, copper, and zinc and to the 0.2-ppm level for bismuth and lead with a maximum relative standard deviation of 18.8% for known reference samples. An additional hydrofluoric acid digestion may be used to determine metals substituted in the silicate lattice.

How to Effectively Use Bismuth Quadruple Therapy: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

PubMed Central

Graham, David Y.; Lee, Sun-Young

2015-01-01

Bismuth triple therapy was the first truly effective Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. The addition of a proton pump inhibitor largely overcame the problem of metronidazole resistance. Resistance to its being the primary first line therapy have centered on convenience (the large number of tablets required) and side effects causing difficulties with patient adherence. Understanding why the regimen is less successful in some regions remains unexplained in part because of the lack of studies including susceptibility testing. A number of modifications have been proposed such as twice-a-day therapy which addresses both major criticism but the studies with susceptibility testing required to prove its effectiveness in high metronidazole resistance areas are lacking. Most publications lack the data required to understand why they were successful or failed (e.g., detailed resistance and adherence data) and are therefore of little value. We discuss and provide recommendations regarding variations including substitution of doxycycline, amoxicillin, and twice a day therapy. We describe what is known and unknown and provide suggestions regarding what is needed to rationally and effectively use bismuth quadruple therapy. Its primary use is when penicillin cannot be used or when clarithromycin and metronidazole resistance is common. Durations of therapy less than 14 days are not recommended. PMID:26314667

Second-line rescue triple therapy with levofloxacin after failure of non-bismuth quadruple "sequential" or "concomitant" treatment to eradicate H. pylori infection.

PubMed

Gisbert, Javier P; Molina-Infante, Javier; Marin, Alicia C; Vinagre, Gemma; Barrio, Jesus; McNicholl, Adrian Gerald

2013-06-01

Non-bismuth quadruple "sequential" and "concomitant" regimens, including a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), amoxicillin, clarithromycin and a nitroimidazole, are increasingly used as first-line treatments for Helicobacter pylori infection. Eradication with rescue regimens may be challenging after failure of key antibiotics such as clarithromycin and nitroimidazoles. To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a second-line levofloxacin-containing triple regimen (PPI-amoxicillin-levofloxacin) in the eradication of H. pylori after non-bismuth quadruple-containing treatment failure. prospective multicenter study. in whom a non-bismuth quadruple regimen, administered either sequentially (PPI + amoxicillin for 5 days followed by PPI + clarithromycin + metronidazole for 5 more days) or concomitantly (PPI + amoxicillin + clarithromycin + metronidazole for 10 days) had previously failed. levofloxacin (500 mg b.i.d.), amoxicillin (1 g b.i.d.) and PPI (standard dose b.i.d.) for 10 days. eradication was confirmed with (13)C-urea breath test 4-8 weeks after therapy. Compliance and tolerance: compliance was determined through questioning and recovery of empty medication envelopes. Incidence of adverse effects was evaluated by means of a questionnaire. 100 consecutive patients were included (mean age 50 years, 62% females, 12% peptic ulcer and 88% dyspepsia): 37 after "sequential", and 63 after "concomitant" treatment failure. All patients took all medications correctly. Overall, per-protocol and intention-to-treat H. pylori eradication rates were 75.5% (95% CI 66-85%) and 74% (65-83%). Respective intention-to-treat cure rates for "sequential" and "concomitant" failure regimens were 74.4% and 71.4%, respectively. Adverse effects were reported in six (6%) patients; all of them were mild. Ten-day levofloxacin-containing triple therapy constitutes an encouraging second-line strategy in patients with previous non-bismuth quadruple "sequential" or "concomitant" treatment failure.

Stimulated Raman scattering of sub-millimeter waves in bismuth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Pawan; Tripathi, V. K.

2007-12-01

A high-power sub-millimeter wave propagating through bismuth, a semimetal with non-spherical energy surfaces, parametrically excites a space-charge mode and a back-scattered electromagnetic wave. The free carrier density perturbation associated with the space-charge wave couples with the oscillatory velocity due to the pump to derive the scattered wave. The scattered and pump waves exert a pondermotive force on electrons and holes, driving the space-charge wave. The collisional damping of the decay waves determines the threshold for the parametric instability. The threshold intensity for 20 μm wavelength pump turns out to be ˜2×1012 W/cm2. Above the threshold, the growth rate scales increase with ωo, attain a maximum around ωo=6.5ωp, and, after this, falls off.

Experimental formation of Pb, Sn, Ge and Sb sulfides, selenides and chlorides in the presence of sal ammoniac: A contribution to the understanding of the mineral formation processes in coal wastes self-burning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Laufek, František; Veselovsky, František; Drábek, Milan; Kříbek, Bohdan; Klementová, Mariana

2017-04-01

The formation of sulfides, selenides and chlorides was experimentally studied at 800 or 900°C in the presence of sal ammoniac in a sealed silica glass tube. Synthetic PbS, PbSe, SnS, GeS, SnGeS2, PbSnS3, SnS and Sb2S3 or natural uraninite were used as a starting charge. Depending on the chemical composition of the sulfide/selenide charge, galena, unnamed SnGeS3 phase, herzenbergite, berndite, ottenmannite, stibnite and unnamed SnSb2S4 and Sn2Sb3S6 phases were identified in sublimates, together with cotunnite and an unnamed (NH4)2SnCl6 phase. When natural uraninite in a mixture with sal ammoniac was used as a charge, the reaction product comprised abundant cotunnite and minor challacolloite due to volatilization of radiogenic lead. When sulfur was introduced to the charge with uraninite and sal ammoniac, galena was found in reaction products. The results of our experiments revealed that if sulfide or selenide phases and NH4Cl are placed in a thermal gradient, it is possible to accelerate their mobility through a process of hydrogen chloride vapor transport. Within the transport process, new solid products are either isochemical or non-isochemical. The isochemical composition of resulting phases with charge probably represents simple sublimation of the original solid phase in form of self-vapor. The non-isochemical phases are probably formed due to combination of sublimation and condensation of various gas components including gaseous HCl. The valency change of metals (e.g. Sn2+ to Sn3+) in several reaction products indicates redox reactions in the gas mixture or during the solidification of resulting products. The role of ammoniac is not clear; however, formation of unnamed (NH4)2SnCl6 compound identified in one of our experiment, indicate possible formation of ammonium complexes. In contrast to experiments where sulfides or selenides were used as a part of charge, mobility of uraninite was not proved under experimental conditions employed. It is consistent with an

Stabilizing new bismuth compounds in thin film form [Stabilizing new thin film materials in bismuth compounds

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen, Aiping; Zhou, Honghui; Zhu, Yuanyuan

2016-11-10

Growth of unexpected phases from a composite target of BiFeO 3:BiMnO 3 and/or BiFeO 3:BiCrO 3 has been explored using pulsed laser deposition. The Bi 2FeMnO 6 tetragonal phase can be grown directly on SrTiO 3 (STO) substrate, while two phases (S1 and S2) were found to grow on LaAlO 3 (LAO) substrates with narrow growth windows. However, introducing a thin CeO 2 buffer layer effectively broadens the growth window for the pure S1 phase, regardless of the substrate. Moreover, we discovered two new phases (X1 and X2) when growing on STO substrates using a BiFeO 3:BiCrO 3 target. Puremore » X2 phase can be obtained on CeO 2-buffered STO and LAO substrates. This work demonstrates that some unexpected phases can be stabilized in a thin film form by using composite perovskite BiRO 3 (R = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) targets. Moreover, it also indicates that CeO 2 can serve as a general template for the growth of bismuth compounds with potential room-temperature multiferroicity.« less

14 day sequential therapy versus 10 day bismuth quadruple therapy containing high-dose esomeprazole in the first-line and second-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori: a multicentre, non-inferiority, randomized trial.

PubMed

Liou, Jyh-Ming; Chen, Chieh-Chang; Fang, Yu-Jen; Chen, Po-Yueh; Chang, Chi-Yang; Chou, Chu-Kuang; Chen, Mei-Jyh; Tseng, Cheng-Hao; Lee, Ji-Yuh; Yang, Tsung-Hua; Chiu, Min-Chin; Yu, Jian-Jyun; Kuo, Chia-Chi; Luo, Jiing-Chyuan; Hsu, Wen-Feng; Hu, Wen-Hao; Tsai, Min-Horn; Lin, Jaw-Town; Shun, Chia-Tung; Twu, Gary; Lee, Yi-Chia; Bair, Ming-Jong; Wu, Ming-Shiang

2018-05-29

Whether extending the treatment length and the use of high-dose esomeprazole may optimize the efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication remains unknown. To compare the efficacy and tolerability of optimized 14 day sequential therapy and 10 day bismuth quadruple therapy containing high-dose esomeprazole in first-line therapy. We recruited 620 adult patients (≥20 years of age) with H. pylori infection naive to treatment in this multicentre, open-label, randomized trial. Patients were randomly assigned to receive 14 day sequential therapy or 10 day bismuth quadruple therapy, both containing esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily. Those who failed after 14 day sequential therapy received rescue therapy with 10 day bismuth quadruple therapy and vice versa. Our primary outcome was the eradication rate in the first-line therapy. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03156855. The eradication rates of 14 day sequential therapy and 10 day bismuth quadruple therapy were 91.3% (283 of 310, 95% CI 87.4%-94.1%) and 91.6% (284 of 310, 95% CI 87.8%-94.3%) in the ITT analysis, respectively (difference -0.3%, 95% CI -4.7% to 4.4%, P = 0.886). However, the frequencies of adverse effects were significantly higher in patients treated with 10 day bismuth quadruple therapy than those treated with 14 day sequential therapy (74.4% versus 36.7% P < 0.0001). The eradication rate of 14 day sequential therapy in strains with and without 23S ribosomal RNA mutation was 80% (24 of 30) and 99% (193 of 195), respectively (P < 0.0001). Optimized 14 day sequential therapy was non-inferior to, but better tolerated than 10 day bismuth quadruple therapy and both may be used in first-line treatment in populations with low to intermediate clarithromycin resistance.

Study of some health physics parameters of bismuth-ground granulated blast furnace slag shielding concretes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kumar, Sandeep, E-mail: sandeep0078monu@gmail.com; Singh, Sukhpal, E-mail: sukhpal-78@rediffmail.com

2016-05-06

The Bismuth-ground granulated blastfurnace slang (Bi-GGBFS) concrete samples were prepared. The weight percentage of different elements present in Bi-GGBFS Shielding concretewas evaluated by Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis (EDX). The exposure rate and absorbed dose rate characteristics were calculated theoretically for radioactive sources namely {sup 241}Am and {sup 137}Cs. Our calculations reveal that the Bi-GGBFS concretes are effective in shielding material for gamma radiations.

A kinetic study of jack-bean urease denaturation by a new dithiocarbamate bismuth compound

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Menezes, D. C.; Borges, E.; Torres, M. F.; Braga, J. P.

2012-10-01

A kinetic study concerning enzymatic inhibitory effect of a new bismuth dithiocarbamate complex on jack-bean urease is reported. A neural network approach is used to solve the ill-posed inverse problem arising from numerical treatment of the subject. A reaction mechanism for the urease denaturation process is proposed and the rate constants, relaxation time constants, equilibrium constants, activation Gibbs free energies for each reaction step and Gibbs free energies for the transition species are determined.

Structural investigation of phosphate - bismuth glasses with vanadium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stǎnescu, R.; Vedeanu, N.; Cozar, I. B.; Mǎgdaş, A.

2013-11-01

The xV2O5(1-dx)[0.5P2O5ṡ0.5Bi2O3] glass system with 0 ≤ x ≤ 50 mol% is investigated by IR and Raman spectroscopy. Both P2O5 and Bi2O3 oxides are known as network formers, but Bi2O3 is an unconventional one. At low content of vanadium oxide (x ≤ 5 mol%), both IR and Raman spectra are dominated by vibration bands characteristics to structural groups of phosphate and bismuthate lattices. Due to the network modifier role, vanadium oxide acts mainly on the Bi2O3 network allowing the phosphate groups to impose their characteristics absorption bands in spectra. These bands are strongly reduced for x ≥ 20 mol% due to the phosphate network depolymerization and the appearance of new vibrations characteristic to P-O-V, Bi-O-V and V-O-V groups showing the network former role of V2O5.

Bismuth chalcogenide compounds Bi 2 × 3 (X=O, S, Se): Applications in electrochemical energy storage

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ni, Jiangfeng; Bi, Xuanxuan; Jiang, Yu

2017-04-01

Bismuth chalcogenides Bi2×3 (X=O, S, Se) represent a unique type of materials in diverse polymorphs and configurations. Multiple intrinsic features of Bi2×3 such as narrow bandgap, ion conductivity, and environmental friendliness, have render them attractive materials for a wide array of energy applications. In particular, their rich structural voids and the alloying capability of Bi enable the chalcogenides to be alternative electrodes for energy storage such as hydrogen (H), lithium (Li), sodium (Na) storage and supercapacitors. However, the low conductivity and poor electrochemical cycling are two key challenges for the practical utilization of Bi2×3 electrodes. Great efforts have been devotedmore » to mitigate these challenges and remarkable progresses have been achieved, mainly taking profit of nanotechnology and material compositing engineering. In this short review, we summarize state-of-the-art research advances in the rational design of diverse Bi2×3 electrodes and their electrochemical energy storage performance for H, Li, and Na and supercapacitors. We also highlight the key technical issues at present and provide insights for the future development of bismuth based materials in electrochemical energy storage devices.« less

Thermo-optical characterization of cadmium selenide/zinc sulfide (CdSe/ZnS) quantum dots embedded in biocompatible materials.

PubMed

Pilla, Viviane; Alves, Leandro P; Iwazaki, Adalberto N; Andrade, Acácio A; Antunes, Andrea; Munin, Egberto

2013-09-01

Cadmium selenide/zinc sulfide (CdSe/ZnS) core-shell quantum dots (QDs) embedded in biocompatible materials were thermally and optically characterized with a thermal lens (TL) technique. Transient TL measurements were performed with a mode-mismatched, dual-beam (excitation and probe) configuration. A thermo-optical study of the CdSe/ZnS QDs was performed for different core diameters (3.5, 4.0, 5.2, and 6.6 nm) in aqueous solution and synthetic saliva, and three different core diameters (2.4, 2.9, and 4.1 nm) embedded in restorative dental resin (0.025% by mass). The thermal diffusivity results are characteristic of the biocompatible matrices. The radiative quantum efficiencies for aqueous solution and biofluid materials are dependent on the core size of the CdSe/ZnS core-shell QDs. The results obtained from the fluorescence spectral measurements for the biocompatible materials support the TL results.

Ni-rich precipitates in a lead bismuth eutectic loop

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kikuchi, K.; Saito, S.; Hamaguchi, D.; Tezuka, M.

2010-03-01

Solidified LBE was sampled from the specimens, electro-magnetic pump, filter, drain valve and oxygen sensor at the JAEA Lead Bismuth Loop-1 (JLBL-1) where the structural material was made of SS316. The concentration of Ni, Fe and Cr in LBE were analyzed by the Inductive Coupled Plasma atomic emission spectrometer. It was concluded that the solution of Ni into LBE was not saturated although the concentration of Fe and Cr almost achieved to the values in the literature. A needle-type structure appeared on the surface of solidified LBE inside the tube specimens. It was found to be Ni-rich precipitates by X-ray analyses (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, FE-SEM). LBE samples collected from a circulating loop after discharging did not show the amount of impurities equivalent to the LBE bulk property.

Building of Equations of State with Numerous Phase Transitions — Application to Bismuth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heuzé, Olivier

2006-07-01

We propose an algorithm to build complete equation of state EOS including several solid/solid or solid/liquid phase transitions. Each phase has its own EOS and independent parameters. The phase diagram is deduced from the thermodynamic equilibrium assumption. Until now, such an approach was used in simple cases and limited to 2 or 3 phases. We have applied it in the general case to bismuth for which up to 13 phases have been identified. This study shows the great influence of binary mixtures and triple points properties in released isentropes after shock waves.

Monte Carlo simulations of radioactive waste encapsulated by bisphenol-A polycarbonate and effect of bismuth-III oxide filler material

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Özdemir, Tonguç

2017-06-01

Radioactive waste generated from the nuclear industry and non-power applications should carefully be treated, conditioned and disposed according to the regulations set by the competent authority(ies). Bisphenol-a polycarbonate (BPA-PC), a very widely used polymer, might be considered as a potential candidate material for low level radioactive waste encapsulation. In this work, the dose rate distribution in the radioactive waste drum (containing radioactive waste and the BPA-PC polymer matrix) was determined using Monte Carlo simulations. Moreover, the change of mechanical properties of BPA-PC was estimated and their variation within the waste drum was determined for the periods of 15, 30 and 300 years after disposal to the final disposal site. The change of the dose rate within the waste drum with different contents of bismuth-III oxide were also simulated. It was concluded that addition of bismuth-III oxide filler decreases the dose delivered to the polymeric matrix due to photoelectric effect.

Preparation and characterization of bismuth oxichloride (BiOCl) nanoparticles and nano zerovalent iron (nZVI)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sarwan, Bhawna; Pare, Brijesh; Deep Acharya, Aman

2017-05-01

In this work, we have synthesized nano scale zerovalent iron (nZVI) particles by borohydride reduction method and bismuth oxichloride (BiOCl) by a hydrolysis method. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was used for the structural and chemical characterization, while scanning/transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM) were employed to determine the physical properties of the nanoparticles. The reactivity of synthesized nanoparticles was compared by decolorization of nile blue (NB) dye under visible irradiation.

Electrospun bismuth ferrite nanofibers for potential applications in ferroelectric photovoltaic devices.

PubMed

Fei, Linfeng; Hu, Yongming; Li, Xing; Song, Ruobing; Sun, Li; Huang, Haitao; Gu, Haoshuang; Chan, Helen L W; Wang, Yu

2015-02-18

Bismuth ferrite (BFO) nanofibers were synthesized via a sol-gel-based electrospinning process followed by thermal treatment. The influences of processing conditions on the final structure of the samples were investigated. Nanofibers prepared under optimized conditions were found to have a perovskite structure with good quality of crystallization and free of impurity phase. Ferroelectric and piezoelectric responses were obtained from individual nanofiber measured on a piezoelectric force microscope. A prototype photovoltaic device using laterally aligned BFO nanofibers and interdigital electrodes was developed and its performance was examined on a standard photovoltaic system. The BFO nanofibers were found to exhibit an excellent ferroelectric photovoltaic property with the photocurrent several times larger than the literature data obtained on BFO thin films.

Bi{sub 6}(SeO{sub 3}){sub 3}O{sub 5}Br{sub 2}: A new bismuth oxo-selenite bromide

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Berdonosov, Peter S., E-mail: berdonosov@inorg.chem.msu.ru; Olenev, Andrei V.; Kirsanova, Maria A.

2012-12-15

A new bismuth oxo-selenite bromide Bi{sub 6}(SeO{sub 3}){sub 3}O{sub 5}Br{sub 2} was synthesized and structurally characterized. The crystal structure belongs to the triclinic system (space group P1-bar , Z=2, a=7.1253(7) A, b=10.972(1) A, c=12.117(1) A, {alpha}=67.765(7) Degree-Sign , {beta}=82.188(8) Degree-Sign , {gamma}=78.445(7) Degree-Sign ) and is unrelated to those of other known oxo-selenite halides. It can be considered as an open framework composed of BiO{sub x} or BiO{sub y}Br{sub z} polyhedrons forming channels running along [1 0 0] direction which contain the selenium atoms in pyramidal shape oxygen coordination (SeO{sub 3}E). The spectroscopic properties and thermal stability were studied. Themore » new compound is stable up to 400 Degree-Sign C. - graphical abstract: New bismuth oxo-selenite bromide with new open framework structure. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer New bismuth oxo-selenite bromide was found and structurally characterized. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Bi{sub 6}(SeO{sub 3}){sub 3}O{sub 5}Br{sub 2} exhibit a new open framework structure type. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer BiO{sub x} or BiO{sub y}Br{sub z} polyhedrons form channels in the structure which are decorated by [SeO{sub 3}E] groups.« less

Synthesis and characterization of lipophilic bismuth dimercaptopropanol nanoparticles and their effects on oral microorganisms growth and biofilm formation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Badireddy, Appala Raju; Hernandez-Delgadillo, Rene; Sánchez-Nájera, Rosa Isela; Chellam, Shankararaman; Cabral-Romero, Claudio

2014-06-01

The increasing prevalence of resistance among pathogenic microorganisms to common antibiotics has become one of the most significant concerns in modern medicine. Nanotechnology offers a new alternative to develop materials with interesting applications in many areas of biological sciences and medicine. While some bismuth derivatives have been employed to treat vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, and stomach pain, the antimicrobial properties of bismuth in its nanoparticulate form have not been extensively studied. The objective of this investigation was to analyze the bactericidal, fungicidal, and antibiofilm activities of bismuth dimercaptopropanol nanoparticles (BisBAL NPs) against oral microbes. The nanoparticles are composed of 18.7 nm crystallites on average and have a rhombohedral structure, agglomerating into chains-like or clusters of small nanoparticles. Our results showed that stable colloidal BisBAL NPs inhibited Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus gordonii growth by more than 70 % at 0.1 µM, showing a twelve thousand fold higher effectiveness compared with 1.2 mM chlorhexidine, the oral antiseptic most used by dentists. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BisBAL NPs for S. mutans and S. gordonii was 5 µM. MIC of BisBAL NPs for Candida albicans was 10 µM. However, 100 µM of BisBAL NPs were required to interfere with planktonic growth of and biofilm formation by a multi-species population of bacteria. Our experiments show that bactericidal activity of BisBAL NPs was similar to antibiotics such as vancomycin and rifampicin. Based on MTT cell viability assays, we hypothesize that BisBAL NPs potentially act on key enzymes, altering their metabolism, and cause cell lysis. All together, these findings show the efficacy of BisBAL NPs as a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent which could reduce antibiotic usage.

Temperature and frequency dependent conductivity of bismuth zinc vanadate semiconducting glassy system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Punia, R.; Kundu, R. S.; Dult, Meenakshi; Murugavel, S.; Kishore, N.

2012-10-01

The ac conductivity of bismuth zinc vanadate glasses with compositions 50V2O5. xBi2O3. (50-x) ZnO has been studied in the frequency range 10-1 Hz to 2 MHz and in temperature range 333.16 K to 533.16 K. The temperature and frequency dependent conductivity is found to obey Jonscher's universal power law for all the compositions of bismuth zinc vanadate glass system. The dc conductivity (σdc), crossover frequency (ωH), and frequency exponent (s) have been estimated from the fitting of experimental data of ac conductivity with Jonscher's universal power law. Enthalpy to dissociate the cation from its original site next to a charge compensating center (Hf) and enthalpy of migration (Hm) have also been estimated. It has been observed that mobility of charge carriers and ac conductivity in case of zinc vanadate glass system increases with increase in Bi2O3 content. In order to determine the conduction mechanism, the ac conductivity and its frequency exponent have been analyzed in the frame work of various theoretical models based on classical hopping over barriers and quantum mechanical tunneling. The ac conduction takes place via tunneling of overlapping large polarons in all the compositions of presently studied vanadate glasses. The fitting of experimental data of ac conductivity with overlapping large polarons tunneling model has also been done. The parameters; density of states at Fermi level (N(EF)), activation energy associated with charge transfer between the overlapping sites (WHO), inverse localization length (α) and polaron radius (rp) obtained from fitting of this model with experimental data are reasonable.

Physical, structural and optical characterizations of borate modified bismuth-silicate-tellurite glasses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berwal, Neelam; Kundu, R. S.; Nanda, Kirti; Punia, R.; Kishore, N.

2015-10-01

Quaternary bismuthate glasses with compositions xB2O3-(80 - x) Bi2O3-15SiO2-5TeO2 have been prepared by melt-quench technique. X-ray diffraction studies were performed to ascertain the amorphous nature of samples. The density, molar volume and crystalline volume decrease with increase in B2O3 content whereas the glass transition temperature shows the reverse trend. The Raman and FTIR spectra of the studied glasses indicate that B2O3 has been found to exist in the form of BO3 trigonal and BO4 tetrahedral structural units and vibrations corresponding to these structural units increase with increase in B2O3 content. SiO2 is present in the form of SiO4 tetrahedral structural units and TeO2 in the form of TeO3 structural units. Bismuth plays the role of network modifier [BiO6 octahedra] as well as network former [BiO3 pyramids] for all the glass compositions. The optical band gap energy has been calculated from the fitting of both Mott and Davis's model and Hydrogenic excitonic model with the experimentally observed absorption spectra. A good fitting of experimental data with HEM indicates the excitonic formation in the studies glass system. The values of optical band gap energy show nonlinear behavior due to the structural changes that take place in the present glass samples. The Urbach energy calculated using Urbach empirical formula for studied glass samples suggest the possibility of reduction in defect concentrations. The metallization criterion of the presently studied samples suggests that the prepared glasses may be potential candidates for nonlinear optical applications.

Revealing the preferred interlayer orientations and stackings of two-dimensional bilayer gallium selenide crystals

DOE PAGES

Li, Xufan; Basile Carrasco, Leonardo A.; Yoon, Mina; ...

2015-01-21

Characterizing and controlling the interlayer orientations and stacking order of bilayer two-dimensional (2D) crystals and van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure is crucial to optimize their electrical and optoelectronic properties. The four polymorphs of layered gallium selenide (GaSe) that result from different layer stacking provide an ideal platform to study the stacking configurations in bilayer 2D crystals. Here, through a controllable vapor-phase deposition method we selectively grow bilayer GaSe crystals and investigate their two preferred 0° or 60° interlayer rotations. The commensurate stacking configurations (AA' and AB-stacking) in as-grown 2D bilayer GaSe crystals are clearly observed at the atomic scale andmore » the Ga-terminated edge structure are identified for the first time by using atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Theoretical analysis of the interlayer coupling energetics vs. interlayer rotation angle reveals that the experimentally-observed orientations are energetically preferred among the bilayer GaSe crystal polytypes. Here, the combined experimental and theoretical characterization of the GaSe bilayers afforded by these growth studies provide a pathway to reveal the atomistic relationships in interlayer orientations responsible for the electronic and optical properties of bilayer 2D crystals and vdW heterostructures.« less

Investigation of the 6 p 2(3 P 0) n p Rydberg series of bismuth by multiphoton excitation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bühler, B.; Cremer, C.; Gerber, G.

1985-03-01

Rydberg states of the odd-parity series 6 p 2(3 p 0) n p of BiI are excited by a three-photon process. A two-photon dissociation of Bi2 into excited atomic states followed by a one-photon absorption leads to highly excited atomic Rydberg states up to n = 32. States of the even-parity Rydberg series 6 p 2(3 p 0) nsJ=1/2, ndJ=3/2 and ndJ=5/2 are also observed. In order to avoid the background caused by ionization of the bismuth molecules we performed a two-color excitation with pulsed dye lasers. With this experiment the 6 p 2(3 p 0) npJ=3/2 Rydberg series could be resolved up to n=75. The increasing quantum defect of this series is due to a perturbing state close to the first ionization limit. By a MQDT analysis we obtain the energy of the perturbing state and a value of 58,761.68±0.1 cm-1 for the first ionization limit of atomic bismuth.

Evaluation of the Content of Antimony, Arsenic, Bismuth, Selenium, Tellurium and Their Inorganic Forms in Commercially Baby Foods.

PubMed

Ruiz-de-Cenzano, M; Rochina-Marco, A; Cervera, M L; de la Guardia, M

2017-12-01

Baby foods, from the Spanish market and prepared from meat, fish, vegetables, cereals, legumes, and fruits, were analyzed to obtain the concentration of antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), bismuth (Bi), and tellurium (Te) as toxic elements and selenium (Se) as essential element. An analytical procedure was employed based on atomic fluorescence spectroscopy which allowed to obtain accurate data at low levels of concentration. Values of 14 commercial samples, expressed in nanograms per gram fresh weight, ranged for Sb 0.66-6.9, As 4.5-242, Te 1.35-2.94, Bi 2.18-4.79, and Se 5.4-109. Additionally, speciation studies were performed based on data from a non-chromatographic screening method. It was concluded that tellurium and bismuth were mainly present as inorganic forms and selenium as organic form, and antimony and arsenic species depend on the ingredients of each baby food. Risk assessment considerations were made by comparing dietary intake of the aforementioned elements through the consumption of one baby food portion a day and recommended or tolerable guideline values.

Visible-light-assisted photocatalytic activity of bismuth-TiO2 nanotube composites for chromium reduction and dye degradation.

PubMed

Ali, Imran; Kim, Jong-Oh

2018-09-01

TiO 2 nanotubes (TNTs) were synthesized on a Ti sheet using the electrochemical anodization method. Bismuth (Bi) was coupled on the anodized TNTs via hydrothermal process. We verified the effect of different Bi concentrations on the photocatalytic properties of Bi-TNT composites. The obtained samples were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra, and photoluminescence spectra. The Bi-TNT photocatalysts exhibited higher activities by factors of 6.6 and 3.6 toward chromium reduction and methylene blue degradation, respectively, under visible light than the pure TNTs. The Bi-TNT material was recycled to examine the stability of the catalyst. The quantum efficiency of the photocatalytic system was calculated, and the synergistic effects of bismuth modification were discussed. The Bi-TNT composites were observed to be promising for separation of photoinduced e - and h + by decreasing charge recombination, and helped the formation of the hydroxyl radicals, h + , and superoxides used in the photocatalytic process. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiscale X-ray and Proton Imaging of Bismuth-Tin Solidification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gibbs, P. J.; Imhoff, S. D.; Morris, C. L.; Merrill, F. E.; Wilde, C. H.; Nedrow, P.; Mariam, F. G.; Fezzaa, K.; Lee, W.-K.; Clarke, A. J.

2014-08-01

The formation of structural patterns during metallic solidification is complex and multiscale in nature, ranging from the nanometer scale, where solid-liquid interface properties are important, to the macroscale, where casting mold filling and intended heat transfer are crucial. X-ray and proton imaging can directly interrogate structure, solute, and fluid flow development in metals from the microscale to the macroscale. X-rays permit high spatio-temporal resolution imaging of microscopic solidification dynamics in thin metal sections. Similarly, high-energy protons permit imaging of mesoscopic and macroscopic solidification dynamics in large sample volumes. In this article, we highlight multiscale x-ray and proton imaging of bismuth-tin alloy solidification to illustrate dynamic measurement of crystal growth rates and solute segregation profiles that can be that can be acquired using these techniques.

A new supramolecular based liquid solid microextraction method for preconcentration and determination of trace bismuth in human blood serum and hair samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.

PubMed

Kahe, Hadi; Chamsaz, Mahmoud

2016-11-01

A simple and reliable supramolecule-aggregated liquid solid microextraction method is described for preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of bismuth in water as well as human blood serum and hair samples. Catanionic microstructures of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactants, dissolved in deionized water/propanol, are used as a green solvent to extract bismuth (III)-diethyldithiocarbamate complexes by dispersive microextraction methodology. The extracted solid phase is easily removed and dissolved in 50 μL propanol for subsequent measurement by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS). The procedure benefits the merits of supramolecule aggregates' properties and dispersive microextraction technique using water as the main component of disperser solvent, leading to direct interaction with analyte. Phase separation behavior of extraction solvent and different parameters influencing the extraction efficiency of bismuth ion such as salt concentration, pH, centrifugation time, amount of chelating agent, SDS:CTAB mole ratio, and solvent amounts were thoroughly optimized. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.3-6 μg L -1 Bi (III) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.16 μg L -1 (S/N = 3). The relative standard deviations (RSD) of determination were obtained to be 5.1 and 6.2 % for 1 and 3 μg L -1 of Bi (III), respectively. The developed method was successfully applied as a sensitive and accurate technique for determination of bismuth ion in human blood serum, hair samples, and a certified reference material.

Aerobic method for the synthesis of nearly size-monodisperse bismuth nanoparticles from a redox non-innocent precursor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Winter, H.; Christopher-Allison, E.; Brown, A. L.; Goforth, A. M.

2018-04-01

Herein, we report an aerobic synthesis method to produce bismuth nanoparticles (Bi NPs) with average diameters in the range 40-80 nm using commercially available bismuth triiodide (BiI3) as the starting material; the method uses only readily available chemicals and conventional laboratory equipment. Furthermore, size data from replicates of the synthesis under standard reaction conditions indicate that this method is highly reproducible in achieving Bi NP populations with low standard deviations in the mean diameters. We also investigated the mechanism of the reaction, which we determined results from the reduction of a soluble alkylammonium iodobismuthate precursor species formed in situ. Under appropriate concentration conditions of iodobismuthate anion, we demonstrate that burst nucleation of Bi NPs results from reduction of Bi3+ by the coordinated, redox non-innocent iodide ligands when a threshold temperature is exceeded. Finally, we demonstrate phase transfer and silica coating of the Bi NPs, which results in stable aqueous colloids with retention of size, morphology, and colloidal stability. The resultant, high atomic number, hydrophilic Bi NPs prepared using this synthesis method have potential for application in emerging x-ray contrast and x-ray therapeutic applications.

Determination of silver, antimony, bismuth, copper, cadmium and indium in ores, concentrates and related materials by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry after methyl isobutyl ketone extraction as iodides.

PubMed

Donaldson, E M; Wang, M

1986-03-01

Methods for determining ~ 0.2 mug g or more of silver and cadmium, ~ 0.5 mug g or more of copper and ~ 5 mug g or more of antimony, bismuth and indium in ores, concentrates and related materials are described. After sample decomposition and recovery of antimony and bismuth retained by lead and calcium sulphates, by co-precipitation with hydrous ferric oxide at pH 6.20 +/- 0.05, iron(III) is reduced to iron(II) with ascorbic acid, and antimony, bismuth, copper, cadmium and indium are separated from the remaining matrix elements by a single methyl isobutyl ketone extraction of their iodides from ~2M sulphuric acid-0.1M potassium iodide. The extract is washed with a sulphuric acid-potassium iodide solution of the same composition to remove residual iron and co-extracted zinc, and the extracted elements are stripped from the extract with 20% v v nitric acid-20% v v hydrogen peroxide. Alternatively, after the removal of lead sulphate by filtration, silver, copper, cadmium and indium can be extracted under the same conditions and stripped with 40% v v nitric acid-25% v v hydrochloric acid. The strip solutions are treated with sulphuric and perchloric acids and ultimately evaporated to dry ness. The individual elements are determined in a 24% v v hydrochloric acid medium containing 1000 mug of potassium per ml by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry with an air-acetylene flame. Tin, arsenic and molybdenum are not co-extracted under the conditions above. Results obtained for silver, antimony, bismuth and indium in some Canadian certified reference materials by these methods are compared with those obtained earlier by previously published methods.

Halloysite nanotubes as a solid sorbent in ultrasound-assisted dispersive micro solid-phase extraction for the determination of bismuth in water samples using high-resolution continuum source graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krawczyk-Coda, Magdalena

2017-03-01

In this research, a simple, accurate, and inexpensive preconcentration procedure was developed for the determination of bismuth in water samples, using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HR CS GFAAS). During the preconcentration step, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were used as a solid sorbent in ultrasound-assisted dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (USA DMSPE). The influence of the pH of the sample solution, amount of HNTs, and extraction time, as well as of the main parameters of HR CS GFAAS, on absorbance was investigated. The limit of detection was 0.005 μg L- 1. The preconcentration factor achieved for bismuth was 32. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 4%. The accuracy of this method was validated by analyses of NIST SRM 1643e (Trace elements in water) and TMDA-54.5 (A high level fortified sample for trace elements) certified reference materials. The measured bismuth contents in these certified reference materials were in satisfactory agreement with the certified values according to the t-test for a 95% confidence level. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of bismuth in five different real water samples (seawater, lake water, river water, stream water and rain water).

Curie temperature, exchange integrals, and magneto-optical properties in off-stoichiometric bismuth iron garnet epitaxial films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vertruyen, B.; Cloots, R.; Abell, J. S.; Jackson, T. J.; da Silva, R. C.; Popova, E.; Keller, N.

2008-09-01

We have studied the influence of the stoichiometry on the structural, magnetic, and magneto-optical properties of bismuth iron garnet (Bi3Fe5O12) thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition. Films with different stoichiometries have been obtained by varying the Bi/Fe ratio of the target and the oxygen pressure during deposition. Stoichiometry variations influence the Curie temperature TC by tuning the (Fe)-O-[Fe] geometry: TC increases when the lattice parameter decreases, contrary to what happens in the case of stoichiometric rare-earth iron garnets. The thermal variation of the magnetization, the Faraday rotation, and the Faraday ellipticity have been analyzed in the frame of the Néel two-sublattice magnetization model giving energies of -48K (4.1 meV), -29K (2.5 meV), and 84 K (7.3 meV) for the three magnetic exchange integrals jaa , jdd , and jad , respectively. Magneto-optical spectroscopy linked to compositional analysis by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy shows that Bi and/or Fe deficiencies also affect the spectral variation (between 1.77 and 3.1 eV). Our results suggest that bismuth deficiency has an effect on the magneto-optical response of the tetrahedral Fe sublattice, whereas small iron deficiencies affect predominantly the magneto-optical response of the octahedral sublattice.

High magnetic field test of bismuth Hall sensors for ITER steady state magnetic diagnostic.

PubMed

Ďuran, I; Entler, S; Kohout, M; Kočan, M; Vayakis, G

2016-11-01

Performance of bismuth Hall sensors developed for the ITER steady state magnetic diagnostic was investigated for high magnetic fields in the range ±7 T. Response of the sensors to the magnetic field was found to be nonlinear particularly within the range ±1 T. Significant contribution of the planar Hall effect to the sensors output voltage causing undesirable cross field sensitivity was identified. It was demonstrated that this effect can be minimized by the optimization of the sensor geometry and alignment with the magnetic field and by the application of "current-spinning technique."

Beta-decay measurements of neutron-rich thallium, lead, and bismuth by means of resonant laser ionisation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Franchoo, S.; de Witte, H.; Andreyev, A. N.; Cederka¨Ll, J.; Dean, S.; de Smet, A.; Eeckhaudt, S.; Fedorov, D. V.; Fedosseev, V. N.; G´Rska, M.; Huber, G.; Huyse, M.; Janas, Z.; Ko¨Ster, U.; Kurcewicz, W.; Kurpeta, J.; Mayer, P.; Płchocki, A.; van de Vel, K.; van Duppen, P.; Weissman, L.; Isolde Collaboration

2004-04-01

Neutron-rich thallium, lead, and bismuth isotopes were investigated at the ISOLDE facility. After mass separation and resonant laser ionisation of the produced activity, new spectroscopic data were obtained for 215,218Bi and 215Pb. An attempt to reach heavy thallium had to be abandoned because of a strong francium component in the beam that gave rise to a neutron background through (α,n) reactions on the aluminium walls of the experimental chamber.

Lead Selenide Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells Achieving High Open-Circuit Voltage with One-Step Deposition Strategy.

PubMed

Zhang, Yaohong; Wu, Guohua; Ding, Chao; Liu, Feng; Yao, Yingfang; Zhou, Yong; Wu, Congping; Nakazawa, Naoki; Huang, Qingxun; Toyoda, Taro; Wang, Ruixiang; Hayase, Shuzi; Zou, Zhigang; Shen, Qing

2018-06-18

Lead selenide (PbSe) colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are considered to be a strong candidate for high-efficiency colloidal quantum dot solar cells (CQDSCs) due to its efficient multiple exciton generation. However, currently, even the best PbSe CQDSCs can only display open-circuit voltage ( V oc ) about 0.530 V. Here, we introduce a solution-phase ligand exchange method to prepare PbI 2 -capped PbSe (PbSe-PbI 2 ) CQD inks, and for the first time, the absorber layer of PbSe CQDSCs was deposited in one step by using this PbSe-PbI 2 CQD inks. One-step-deposited PbSe CQDs absorber layer exhibits fast charge transfer rate, reduced energy funneling, and low trap assisted recombination. The champion large-area (active area is 0.35 cm 2 ) PbSe CQDSCs fabricated with one-step PbSe CQDs achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.0% and a V oc of 0.616 V, which is the highest V oc among PbSe CQDSCs reported to date.

Facile hot-injection synthesis of stoichiometric Cu2ZnSnSe4 nanocrystals using bis(triethylsilyl) selenide.

PubMed

Jin, Chunyu; Ramasamy, Parthiban; Kim, Jinkwon

2014-07-07

Cu2ZnSnSe4 is a prospective material as an absorber in thin film solar cells due to its many advantages including direct band gap, high absorption coefficient, low toxicity, and relative abundance (indium-free) of its elements. In this report, CZTSe nanoparticles have been synthesized by the hot-injection method using bis-(triethylsilyl)selenide [(Et3Si)2Se] as the selenium source for the first time. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the stoichiometry of CZTSe nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies showed that the nanocrystals were single phase polycrystalline with their size within the range of 25-30 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy measurements ruled out the existence of secondary phases such as Cu2SnSe3 and ZnSe. The effect of reaction time and precursor injection order on the formation of stoichiometric CZTSe nanoparticles has been studied by Raman spectroscopy. UV-vis-NIR data indicate that the CZTSe nanocrystals have an optical band gap of 1.59 eV, which is optimal for photovoltaic applications.

Investigation of Electronic and Opto-Electronic Properties of Two-Dimensional (2D) Layers of Copper Indium Selenide Field Effect Transistors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Patil, Prasanna Dnyaneshwar

Investigations performed in order to understand the electronic and optoelectronic properties of field effect transistors based on few layers of 2D Copper Indium Selenide (CuIn7Se11) are reported. In general, field effect transistors (FETs), electric double layer field effect transistors (EDL-FETs), and photodetectors are crucial part of several electronics based applications such as tele-communication, bio-sensing, and opto-electronic industry. After the discovery of graphene, several 2D semiconductor materials like TMDs (MoS2, WS2, and MoSe2 etc.), group III-VI materials (InSe, GaSe, and SnS2 etc.) are being studied rigorously in order to develop them as components in next generation FETs. Traditionally, thin films of ternary system of Copper Indium Selenide have been extensively studied and used in optoelectronics industry as photoactive component in solar cells. Thus, it is expected that atomically thin 2D layered structure of Copper Indium Selenide can have optical properties that could potentially be more advantageous than its thin film counterpart and could find use for developing next generation nano devices with utility in opto/nano electronics. Field effect transistors were fabricated using few-layers of CuIn7Se11 flakes, which were mechanically exfoliated from bulk crystals grown using chemical vapor transport technique. Our FET transport characterization measurements indicate n-type behavior with electron field effect mobility microFE ≈ 36 cm2 V-1 s-1 at room temperature when Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is used as a back gate. We found that in such back gated field effect transistor an on/off ratio of 104 and a subthreshold swing ≈ 1 V/dec can be obtained. Our investigations further indicate that Electronic performance of these materials can be increased significantly when gated from top using an ionic liquid electrolyte [1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM-PF6)]. We found that electron field effect mobility microFE can be increased from

Process dependent thermoelectric properties of EDTA assisted bismuth telluride

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kulsi, Chiranjit; Banerjee, Dipali, E-mail: dipalibanerjeebesu@gmail.com; Kargupta, Kajari

2016-04-13

Comparison between the structure and thermoelectric properties of EDTA (Ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid) assisted bismuth telluride prepared by electrochemical deposition and hydrothermal route is reported in the present work. The prepared samples have been structurally characterized by high resolution X-ray diffraction spectra (HRXRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopic images (HRTEM). Crystallite size and strain have been determined from Williamson-Hall plot of XRD which is in conformity with TEM images. Measurement of transport properties show sample in the pellet form (S{sub 1}) prepared via hydrothermal route has higher value of thermoelectric power (S) than the electrodepositedmore » film (S{sub 2}). But due to a substantial increase in the electrical conductivity (σ) of the film (S{sub 2}) over the pellet (S{sub 1}), the power factor and the figure of merit is higher for sample S{sub 2} than the sample S{sub 1} at room temperature.« less

Emptying Dirac valleys in bismuth using high magnetic fields

DOE PAGES

Zhu, Zengwei; Wang, Jinhua; Zuo, Huakun; ...

2017-05-19

The Fermi surface of elemental bismuth consists of three small rotationally equivalent electron pockets, offering a valley degree of freedom to charge carriers. A relatively small magnetic field can confine electrons to their lowest Landau level. This is the quantum limit attained in other dilute metals upon application of sufficiently strong magnetic field. Here in this paper we report on the observation of another threshold magnetic field never encountered before in any other solid. Above this field, B empty, one or two valleys become totally empty. Drying up a Fermi sea by magnetic field in the Brillouin zone leads tomore » a manyfold enhancement in electric conductance. We trace the origin of the large drop in magnetoresistance across B empty to transfer of carriers between valleys with highly anisotropic mobilities. The non-interacting picture of electrons with field-dependent mobility explains most results but the Coulomb interaction may play a role in shaping the fine details.« less

Ferroelectric and photocatalytic behavior of bismuth ferrite nano wire

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

William, R. V.; Marikani, A.; Madhavan, D.

2016-05-01

Multiferroic bismuth ferrite nanowires are prepared through polyol method with an average diameter of 35 nm with a narrow size distribution. The band gap was determined to be 2.10 eV, indicating their potential application as visible-light-response photo catalyst. The magnificent photocatalytic behaviors of BiFeO3 nanowires are understood from the methyl violet degradation under visible light irradiation. Moreover, the nano-wire takes only a lesser time for the diffusion of electron-hole pair from the surface of the sample. Further the BiFeO3 nano-wire was characterized using XRD, SEM, and U-V. The ferroelectric studies of BiFeO3 nano-wire show a frequency dependent property and maximum coercivity of 2.7 V/cm were achieved with a remanent polarization at 0.5 µC/cm2 at the frequency 4 kHz. The coercivity of BiFeO3 nano wire changes with variation of frequency from 1 kHz to 4 kHz.

On the use of bismuth as a neutron filter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adib, M.; Kilany, M.

2003-02-01

A formula is given which, for neutron energies in the range 10 -4< E<10 eV, permits calculation of the nuclear capture, thermal diffuse and Bragg scattering cross-sections as a function of bismuth temperature and crystalline form. Computer programs have been developed which allow calculations for the Bi rhombohedral structure in its poly-crystalline form and its equivalent hexagonal close-packed structure. The calculated total neutron cross-sections for poly-crystalline Bi at different temperatures were compared with the measured values. An overall agreement is indicated between the formula fits and experimental data. Agreement was also obtained for values of Bi-single crystals, at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures. A feasibility study for use of Bi in powdered form, as a cold neutron filter, is detailed in terms of the optimum Bi-single crystal thickness, mosaic spread, temperature and cutting plane for efficient transmission of thermal-reactor neutrons, and also for rejection of the accompanying fast neutrons and gamma rays.

Reduction of elemental selenium to selenide: Experiments with anoxic sediments and bacteria that respire Se-oxyanions

USGS Publications Warehouse

Herbel, M.J.; Blum, J.S.; Oremland, R.S.; Borglin, S.E.

2003-01-01

A selenite-respiring bacterium, Bacillus selenitireducens, produced significant levels of Se(-II) (as aqueous HSe-) when supplied with Se(O). B. selenitireducens was also able to reduce selenite [Se(IV)] through Se(O) to Se(-II). Reduction of Se(O) by B.selenitireducens was more rapid in cells grown on colloidal sulfur [S(O)] or Se(IV) as their electron acceptor than for cell lines grown on fumarate. In contrast, three cultures of selenate-respiring bacteria, Sulfurospirillum barnesii, B. arsenicoselenatis, and Selenihalanaerobacter shriftii either were unable to reduce Se(O) to Se(-II) or had only a very limited capacity to achieve this reduction. Biological reduction of Se(O) to Se(-II) was observed during incubation of estuarine sediment slurries, while no such activity was noted in formalin-killed controls. The majority of the Se(-II) produced was found in the sediments as a solid precipitate of FeSe, rather than in solution as HSe-. These results demonstrate that certain anaerobic bacteria have the capacity to reduce Se(O) to Se(-II), providing a possible biological explanation for the occurrence of the selenide species in some sedimentary rocks.

LiBi{sub 3}S{sub 5}—A lithium bismuth sulfide with strong cation disorder

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nakhal, Suliman; Wiedemann, Dennis, E-mail: dennis.wiedemann@chem.tu-berlin.de; Stanje, Bernhard

Among chalcogenide semiconductors for thermoelectric applications, alkali-metal bismuth compounds occur in many complex compositions favorable for high performance. Although LiBi{sub 3}S{sub 5} had been announced in 1977, the potential 1D lithium-ion conductor has hitherto eluded selective synthesis and structure determination. In this study, we present a solid-state route to phase-pure LiBi{sub 3}S{sub 5} powder starting from LiBiS{sub 2} and Bi{sub 2}S{sub 3}. Neutron diffractograms and lithium NMR spectra reveal its crystal structure to be a cation-disordered variety of the AgBi{sub 3}S{sub 5} type (synthetic pavonite; monoclinic, C2/m). Topological analyses and lithium NMR relaxometry suggest that correlated lithium-ion diffusion with activationmore » energies up to 0.66(2) eV occurs along the channels in b direction including tetrahedral voids. Because of cation disorder, immobile bismuth(III) ions clog these pathways, making LiBi{sub 3}S{sub 5} a moderate to poor ionic conductor. The synthesis route reported is nonetheless promising for new lithium bismuth sulfides with, possibly ordered, structure types of the pavonite homologous series. - Graphical abstract: Phase-pure LiBi{sub 3}S{sub 5} has been synthesized and shown to crystallize in cation-disordered variety of the AgBi{sub 3}S{sub 5} type (synthetic pavonite, C2/m) using neutron diffractometry. Topological analyses and NMR relaxometry suggest that immobile Bi{sup 3+} ions clog migration channels along b, making the material a poor lithium conductor. Display Omitted - Highlights: • Phase-pure LiBi{sub 3}S{sub 5} has been synthesized using a promising solid-state route. • LiBi{sub 3}S{sub 5} crystallizes in a cation-disordered variant of the AgBi{sub 3}S{sub 5} type. • Topological analyses suggest lithium diffusion in channels along b. • NMR relaxometry finds activation energies of diffusion as high as 0.66(2) eV. • Because of disorder, LiBi{sub 3}S{sub 5} is a moderate to poor lithium

Rabeprazole, Minocycline, Amoxicillin, and Bismuth as First-Line and Second-Line Regimens for Helicobacter pylori Eradication.

PubMed

Song, Zhiqiang; Suo, Baojun; Zhang, Lingyun; Zhou, Liya

2016-12-01

Because of general unavailability of tetracycline, common adverse effects, and complicated administration, the clinical application of bismuth quadruple therapy often faces difficulties. Whether the combination of minocycline and amoxicillin can replace tetracycline and metronidazole for Helicobacter pylori eradication remains unclear. This study was to determine the efficacy, compliance, and safety of rabeprazole, minocycline, amoxicillin, and bismuth (RMAB) therapy as first-line and second-line regimens. Between July 2013 and December 2015, a total of 160 patients in first-line and 70 patients in second-line therapies received rabeprazole 10 mg, minocycline 100 mg, amoxicillin 1000 mg, and bismuth potassium citrate 220 mg twice daily for 14 days. Eradication status was assessed 6-12 weeks after treatment. RMAB therapy achieved the eradication rates of 87.5% (95% confidence interval, 81.9-92.5%, intention-to-treat analysis), 90.9% (85.7-95.5%, modified intention-to-treat analysis), and 92.6% (88.5-96.6%, per-protocol analysis) in first-line therapy in a setting with high antibiotic resistance rates (amoxicillin 3.4%, clarithromycin 39.7%, metronidazole 60.3%, levofloxacin 36.2%, tetracycline 3.4%, and minocycline 6.9%). As for second-line therapy, the eradication rates were 82.9% (74.3-91.4%, intention-to-treat analysis), 86.6% (77.6-94.0%, modified intention-to-treat analysis), and 89.1% (81.3-95.3%, per-protocol analysis). Totally, 24.0% patients had adverse effects, 2.2% discontinued medications, and good compliance was achieved in 94.7%. Poor compliance and minocycline resistance were identified as the risk factors for treatment failure. Significant differences in efficacy existed among the groups of both sensitive (48/51 and 18/20), isolated amoxicillin resistance (1/1 and 0/0), isolated minocycline resistance (2/3 and 1/1), and dual resistance (0/1 and 0/1) in both first-line (p = .004) and second-line (p = .035) therapies. The eradication efficacies of RMAB

Structural and electrochemical analysis of chemically synthesized microcubic architectured lead selenide thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bhat, T. S.; Shinde, A. V.; Devan, R. S.; Teli, A. M.; Ma, Y. R.; Kim, J. H.; Patil, P. S.

2018-01-01

The present work deals with the synthesis of lead selenide (PbSe) thin films by simple and cost-effective chemical bath deposition method with variation in deposition time. The structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties of as-deposited thin films were examined using characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. XRD reveals formation of rock salt phase cubic structured PbSe. FE-SEM images show the formation of microcubic structured morphology. The existence of the PbSe is confirmed from the XPS analysis. On the other hand, CV curves show four reaction peaks corresponding to oxidation [PbSe and Pb(OH)2] and reduction (PbO2 and Pb(OH)2) at the surface of PbSe thin films. The PbSe:2 sample deposited for 80 min. shows maximum specific capacitance of 454 ± 5 F g- 1 obtained at 0.25 mA cm- 2 current density. The maximum energy density of 69 Wh kg- 1 was showed by PbSe:2 electrode with a power density of 1077 W kg- 1. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance studies of PbSe:2 thin film show 80 ± 3% cycling stability even after 500 CV cycles. Such results show the importance of microcubic structured PbSe thin film as an anode in supercapacitor devices.

The low-temperature scintillation properties of bismuth germanate and its application to high-energy gamma radiation imaging devices.

PubMed

Piltingsrud, H V

1979-12-01

Bismuth germanate is a scintillation material with very high z, and high density (7.13 g/cm3). It is a rugged, nonhygroscopic, crystalline material with room-temperature scintillation properties described by previous investigators as having a light yield approximately 8% of that of NaI(Tl), emission peak at approximately 480 nm, decay constant of 0.3 microsec, and energy resolution congruent to 15% (FWHM) for Cs-137 gamma radiations. These properties make it an excellent candidate for applications involving the detection of high-energy gamma photons and positron annihilation radiation, particularly when good spatial resolution is desired. At room temperature, however, the application of this material is somewhat limited by low light output and poor energy resolution. This paper presents new data on the scintillation properties of bismuth germanate as a function of temperature from -- 196 degrees C to j0 degrees C. Low-temperature use of the material is shown to greatly improve its light yield and energy resolution. The implications of this work to the design of imaging devices for high-energy radiation in health physics and nuclear medicine are discussed.

Thin-film copper indium gallium selenide solar cell based on low-temperature all-printing process.

PubMed

Singh, Manjeet; Jiu, Jinting; Sugahara, Tohru; Suganuma, Katsuaki

2014-09-24

In the solar cell field, development of simple, low-cost, and low-temperature fabrication processes has become an important trend for energy-saving and environmental issues. Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells have attracted much attention due to the high absorption coefficient, tunable band gap energy, and high efficiency. However, vacuum and high-temperature processing in fabrication of solar cells have limited the applications. There is a strong need to develop simple and scalable methods. In this work, a CIGS solar cell based on all printing steps and low-temperature annealing is developed. CIGS absorber thin film is deposited by using dodecylamine-stabilized CIGS nanoparticle ink followed by printing buffer layer. Silver nanowire (AgNW) ink and sol-gel-derived ZnO precursor solution are used to prepare a highly conductive window layer ZnO/[AgNW/ZnO] electrode with a printing method that achieves 16 Ω/sq sheet resistance and 94% transparency. A CIGS solar cell based on all printing processes exhibits efficiency of 1.6% with open circuit voltage of 0.48 V, short circuit current density of 9.7 mA/cm(2), and fill factor of 0.34 for 200 nm thick CIGS film, fabricated under ambient conditions and annealed at 250 °C.

Coexistence of multiphase superconductivity and ferromagnetism in lithiated iron selenide hydroxide [(L i1 -xF ex) OH ]FeSe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Urban, Christian; Valmianski, Ilya; Pachmayr, Ursula; Basaran, Ali C.; Johrendt, Dirk; Schuller, Ivan K.

2018-01-01

We present experimental evidence for (a) multiphase superconductivity and (b) coexistence of magnetism and superconductivity in a single structural phase of lithiated iron selenide hydroxide [(L i1 -xF ex )OH]FeSe. Magnetic field modulated microwave spectroscopy data confirms superconductivity with at least two distinct transition temperatures attributed to well-defined superconducting phases at TSC 1=40 ±2 K and TSC 2=35 ±2 K. Magnetometry data for the upper critical fields reveal a change in the magnetic order (TM=12 K) below TSC 1 and TSC 2 that is consistent with ferromagnetism. This occurs because the superconducting coherence length is much smaller than the structural coherence length, allowing for several different electronic and magnetic states on a single crystallite. The results give insight into the physics of complex multinary materials, where several phenomena governed by different characteristic length scales coexist.

Influence of Post-Heat Treatment of ZnO:Al Transparent Electrode for Copper Indium Gallium Selenide Thin Film Solar Cell.

PubMed

Eom, Taewoo; Park, Jeong Eun; Park, Sang Yong; Park, Jeong Hoon; Bweupe, Jackson; Lim, Donggun

2018-09-01

Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin film solar cells have been regarded as a candidate for energy conversion devices owing to their high absorption coefficient, high temperature stability, and low cost. ZnO:Al thin film is commonly used in CIGS solar cells as a window layer. In this study, ZnO:Al films were deposited on glass under various post-heat temperature using RF sputtering to observe the characteristics of ZnO:Al films such as Hall mobility, carrier concentration, and resistivity; subsequently, the ZnO:Al films were applied to a CIGS solar cell as a window. CIGS solar cells fabricated with various ZnO:Al films were analyzed in order to investigate their influence. The test results showed that the improvement of ZnO:Al characteristics affects Jsc and Voc in the solar cell through reduced recombination and increase of optical property.

Oxygen holes and hybridization in the bismuthates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khazraie, Arash; Foyevtsova, Kateryna; Elfimov, Ilya; Sawatzky, George A.

2018-02-01

Motivated by the recently renewed interest in the superconducting bismuth perovskites, we investigate the electronic structure of the parent compounds A BiO3 (A = Sr, Ba) using ab initio methods and tight-binding (TB) modeling. We use the density functional theory (DFT) in the local density approximation (LDA) to understand the role of various interactions in shaping the A BiO3 band structure near the Fermi level. It is established that interatomic hybridization involving Bi-6 s and O-2 p orbitals plays the most important role. Based on our DFT calculations, we derive a minimal TB model and demonstrate that it can describe the properties of the band structure as a function of lattice distortions, such as the opening of a charge gap with the onset of the breathing distortion and the associated condensation of holes onto a1 g-symmetric molecular orbitals formed by the O-2 pσ orbitals on collapsed octahedra. We also derive a single band model involving the hopping of an extended molecular orbital involving both Bi-6 s and a linear combination of six O-2 p orbitals which provides a very good description of the dispersion and band gaps of the low energy scale bands straddling the chemical potential.

Two-week, high-dose proton pump inhibitor, moxifloxacin triple Helicobacter pylori therapy after failure of standard triple or non-bismuth quadruple treatments.

PubMed

Gisbert, Javier P; Romano, Marco; Molina-Infante, Javier; Lucendo, Alfredo J; Medina, Enrique; Modolell, Inés; Rodríguez-Tellez, Manuel; Gomez, Blas; Barrio, Jesús; Perona, Monica; Ortuño, Juan; Ariño, Inés; Domínguez-Muñoz, Juan Enrique; Perez-Aisa, Ángeles; Bermejo, Fernando; Domínguez, Jose Luis; Almela, Pedro; Gomez-Camarero, Judith; Millastre, Judith; Martin-Noguerol, Elisa; Gravina, Antonietta G; Martorano, Marco; Miranda, Agnese; Federico, Alessandro; Fernandez-Bermejo, Miguel; Angueira, Teresa; Ferrer-Barcelo, Luis; Fernández, Nuria; Marín, Alicia C; McNicholl, Adrián G

2015-02-01

Aim was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a moxifloxacin-containing second-line triple regimen in patients whose previous Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment failed. Prospective multicentre study including patients in whom a triple therapy or a non-bismuth-quadruple-therapy failed. Moxifloxacin (400mg qd), amoxicillin (1g bid), and esomeprazole (40 mg bid) were prescribed for 14 days. Eradication was confirmed by (13)C-urea-breath-test. Compliance was determined through questioning and recovery of empty medication envelopes. 250 patients were consecutively included (mean age 48 ± 15 years, 11% with ulcer). Previous (failed) therapy included: standard triple (n = 179), sequential (n = 27), and concomitant (n = 44); 97% of patients took all medications, 4 were lost to follow-up. Intention-to-treat and per-protocol eradication rates were 82.4% (95% CI, 77-87%) and 85.7% (95% CI, 81-90%). Cure rates were similar independently of diagnosis (ulcer, 77%; dyspepsia, 82%) and previous treatment (standard triple, 83%; sequential, 89%; concomitant, 77%). At multivariate analysis, only age was associated with eradication (OR = 0.957; 95% CI, 0.933-0.981). Adverse events were reported in 25.2% of patients: diarrhoea (9.6%), abdominal pain (9.6%), and nausea (9.2%). 14-day moxifloxacin-containing triple therapy is an effective and safe second-line strategy in patients whose previous standard triple therapy or non-bismuth quadruple (sequential or concomitant) therapy has failed, providing a simple alternative to bismuth quadruple regimen. Copyright © 2014 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

High-Performance Blue-Excitable Yellow Phosphor Obtained from an Activated Solvochromic Bismuth-Fluorophore Metal–Organic Framework

DOE PAGES

Deibert, Benjamin J.; Velasco, Ever; Liu, Wei; ...

2016-06-23

Here, we report the synthesis, structure, and photoluminescence properties of a new bismuth based luminescent metal-organic framework (LMOF). The framework is comprised of a 9-coordinated Bi 3+ building unit and 4', 4''', 4''''', 4'''''''-(ethene-1,1,2,2-tetrayl)tetrakis([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-carboxylic acid) (H 4tcbpe) organic linker, which has strong yellow aggregation induced emission (AIE). The structure can be viewed as two interpenetrated 4,4-anionic nets that are stabilized by K + ions forming one-dimensional helical inorganic chains by connecting bismuth nodes through shared oxygen bonds. The as-made LMOF has a bluish emission centered at 459 nm with an internal quantum yield of 57% when excited at 360 nm.more » The emission properties of the LMOF were found to be highly solvochromic with respect to DMF. Upon partial solvent removal, the framework undergoes significant red-shifting to a greenish emission centered at 500 nm. Complete removal of DMF results in additional red-shifting fluorescence coupled with structural changes. The resulting material has strong blue-excitable (455 nm) yellow emission centered at 553 nm, with a quantum yield of 74%, which is maintained after heating in air for 5 days at 90°C. This is the second highest quantum yield value for blue-excited yellow emission among all reported LMOFs.« less

Vibration Monitoring Using Fiber Optic Sensors in a Lead-Bismuth Eutectic Cooled Nuclear Fuel Assembly †

PubMed Central

De Pauw, Ben; Lamberti, Alfredo; Ertveldt, Julien; Rezayat, Ali; van Tichelen, Katrien; Vanlanduit, Steve; Berghmans, Francis

2016-01-01

Excessive fuel assembly vibrations in nuclear reactor cores should be avoided in order not to compromise the lifetime of the assembly and in order to prevent the occurrence of safety hazards. This issue is particularly relevant to new reactor designs that use liquid metal coolants, such as, for example, a molten lead-bismuth eutectic. The flow of molten heavy metal around and through the fuel assembly may cause the latter to vibrate and hence suffer degradation as a result of, for example, fretting wear or mechanical fatigue. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of optical fiber sensors to measure the fuel assembly vibration in a lead-bismuth eutectic cooled installation which can be used as input to assess vibration-related safety hazards. We show that the vibration characteristics of the fuel pins in the fuel assembly can be experimentally determined with minimal intrusiveness and with high precision owing to the small dimensions and properties of the sensors. In particular, we were able to record local strain level differences of about 0.2 μϵ allowing us to reliably estimate the vibration amplitudes and modal parameters of the fuel assembly based on optical fiber sensor readings during different stages of the operation of the facility, including the onset of the coolant circulation and steady-state operation. PMID:27110782

High-Performance Blue-Excitable Yellow Phosphor Obtained from an Activated Solvochromic Bismuth-Fluorophore Metal–Organic Framework

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Deibert, Benjamin J.; Velasco, Ever; Liu, Wei

Here, we report the synthesis, structure, and photoluminescence properties of a new bismuth based luminescent metal-organic framework (LMOF). The framework is comprised of a 9-coordinated Bi 3+ building unit and 4', 4''', 4''''', 4'''''''-(ethene-1,1,2,2-tetrayl)tetrakis([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-carboxylic acid) (H 4tcbpe) organic linker, which has strong yellow aggregation induced emission (AIE). The structure can be viewed as two interpenetrated 4,4-anionic nets that are stabilized by K + ions forming one-dimensional helical inorganic chains by connecting bismuth nodes through shared oxygen bonds. The as-made LMOF has a bluish emission centered at 459 nm with an internal quantum yield of 57% when excited at 360 nm.more » The emission properties of the LMOF were found to be highly solvochromic with respect to DMF. Upon partial solvent removal, the framework undergoes significant red-shifting to a greenish emission centered at 500 nm. Complete removal of DMF results in additional red-shifting fluorescence coupled with structural changes. The resulting material has strong blue-excitable (455 nm) yellow emission centered at 553 nm, with a quantum yield of 74%, which is maintained after heating in air for 5 days at 90°C. This is the second highest quantum yield value for blue-excited yellow emission among all reported LMOFs.« less

Few-layer bismuth selenides exfoliated by hemin inhibit amyloid-β1–42 fibril formation

PubMed Central

Peng, Jian; Xiong, Yunjing; Lin, Zhiqin; Sun, Liping; Weng, Jian

2015-01-01

Inhibiting amyloid-β (Aβ) fibril formation is the primary therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer’s disease. Several small molecules and nanomaterials have been used to inhibit Aβ fibril formation. However, insufficient inhibition efficiency or poor metabolization limits their further applications. Here, we used hemin to exfoliate few-layer Bi2Se3 in aqueous solution. Then we separated few-layer Bi2Se3 with different sizes and thicknesses by fractional centrifugation, and used them to attempt to inhibit Aβ1-42 aggregation. The results show that smaller and thinner few-layer Bi2Se3 had the highest inhibition efficiency. We further investigated the interaction between few-layer Bi2Se3 and Aβ1-42 monomers. The results indicate that the inhibition effect may be due to the high adsorption capacity of few-layer Bi2Se3 for Aβ1−42 monomers. Few-layer Bi2Se3 also decreased Aβ-mediated peroxidase-like activity and cytotoxicity according to in vitro neurotoxicity studies under physiological conditions. Therefore, our work shows the potential for applications of few-layer Bi2Se3 in the biomedical field. PMID:26018135

Growth and Characterization of the p-type Semiconductors Tin Sulfide and Bismuth Copper Oxy Selenide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Francis, Jason

BiCuOSe and SnS are layered, moderate band gap (epsilon G ≈ 1 eV) semiconductors that exhibit intrinsic p type conductivity. Doping of BiCuOSe with Ca results in a slight expansion of the lattice and an increase of the hole concentration from 10 18 cm--3 to greater than 1020 cm --3. The large carrier density in undoped films is the result of copper vacancies. Mobility is unaffected by doping, remaining constant at 1.5 cm2V--1s--1 in both undoped and doped films, because the Bi-O layers serve as the source of carriers, while transport occurs within the Cu-Se layers. Bi possesses a 6s2 lone pair that was expected to hybridize with the oxygen p states at the top of the valence band, resulting in high hole mobility as compared to similar materials such as LaCuOSe, which lack this lone pair. However, both LaCuOSe and BiCuOSe have similar hole mobility. X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy, combined with density functional theory calculations, reveal that the Bi 6 s states contribute deep within the valence band, forming bonding and anti-bonding states with O 2p at 11 eV and 3 eV below the valence band maximum, respectively. Hence, the Bi lone pair does not contribute at the top of the valence band and does not enhance the hole mobility. The Bi 6p states contribute at the bottom of the conduction band, resulting in a smaller band gap for BiCuOSe than LaCuOSe (1 eV vs. 3 eV). SnS is a potential photovoltaic absorber composed of weakly coupled layers stacked along the long axis. This weak coupling results in the formation of strongly oriented films on amorphous substrates. The optical band gap is 1.2 eV, in agreement with GW calculations. Absorption reaches 105 cm--1 within 0.5 eV of the band gap. The p type conduction arises from energetically favorable tin vacancies. Variation of growth conditions yields carrier densities of 1014 -- 1016 cm--3 and hole mobility of 7 -- 15 cm2V--1s--1. SnS was alloyed with rocksalt CaS, which was predicted to form a rocksalt structure when the calcium content is increased past 18%. Films of Sn1--x CaxS with x from 0.4 to 0.9 adopt the rocksalt structure with a band gap of 1.1-1.3 eV, with absorption greater than 105 cm--1 within about 0.7 eV of the band gap. The lattice contracts as the calcium content of the films is increased, reaching 5.7 A when x = 0.93. Films are highly insulating, but Seebeck measurements do indicate p type conduction.

Bismuth vanadate-based semiconductor photocatalysts: a short critical review on the efficiency and the mechanism of photodegradation of organic pollutants.

PubMed

Monfort, Olivier; Plesch, Gustav

2018-06-02

The number of publications on photocatalytic bismuth vanadate-based materials is constantly increasing. Indeed, bismuth vanadate is gaining stronger interest in the photochemical community since it is a solar-driven photocatalyst. However, the efficiency of BiVO 4 -based photocatalyst under sunlight is questionable: in most of the studies investigating the photodegradation of organic pollutants, only few works identify the by-products and evaluate the real efficiency of BiVO 4 -based materials. This short review aims to (i) present briefly the principles of photocatalysis and define the photocatalytic efficiency and (ii) discuss the formation of reactive species involved in the photocatalytic degradation process of pollutants and thus the corresponding photodegradation mechanism could be determined. All these points are developed in a comprehensive discussion by focusing especially on pure, doped, and composite BiVO 4 . Therefore, this review exhibits a critical overview on different BiVO 4 -based photocatalytic systems with their real efficiency. This is a necessary knowledge for potential implementation of BiVO 4 materials in environmental applications at larger scale than laboratory conditions.

Effect of Molecular Interactions on Electron-Transfer and Antioxidant Activity of Bis(alkanol)selenides: A Radiation Chemical Study.

PubMed

Kumar, Pavitra V; Singh, Beena G; Phadnis, Prasad P; Jain, Vimal K; Priyadarsini, K Indira

2016-08-16

Understanding electron-transfer processes is crucial for developing organoselenium compounds as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. To find new redox-active selenium antioxidants, we have investigated one-electron-transfer reactions between hydroxyl ((.) OH) radical and three bis(alkanol)selenides (SeROH) of varying alkyl chain length, using nanosecond pulse radiolysis. (.) OH radical reacts with SeROH to form radical adduct, which is converted primarily into a dimer radical cation (>Se∴Se<)(+) and α-{bis(hydroxyl alkyl)}-selenomethine radical along with a minor quantity of an intramolecularly stabilized radical cation. Some of these radicals have been subsequently converted to their corresponding selenoxide, and formaldehyde. Estimated yield of these products showed alkyl chain length dependency and correlated well with their antioxidant ability. Quantum chemical calculations suggested that compounds that formed more stable (>Se∴Se<)(+) , produced higher selenoxide and lower formaldehyde. Comparing these results with those for sulfur analogues confirmed for the first time the distinctive role of selenium in making such compounds better antioxidants. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Ten-day quadruple therapy comprising low-dose rabeprazole, bismuth, amoxicillin and tetracycline is an effective and safe first-line treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection in population with high antibiotic resistance: a prospective, multicenter, randomized, parallel-controlled clinical trial in China.

PubMed

Xie, Yong; Zhu, Zhenhua; Wang, Jiangbin; Zhang, Lingxia; Zhang, Zhenyu; Lu, Hong; Zeng, Zhirong; Chen, Shiyao; Liu, Dongsheng; Lv, Nonghua

2018-06-18

Objectives: To investigate the efficacy and safety of 10-day bismuth quadruple therapy with amoxicillin, tetracycline or clarithromycin and different doses of rabeprazole for first-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Methods: This multicenter, randomized, parallel-controlled clinical trial was conducted between March 2013 and August 2014. A total of 431 H. pylori -infected patients with duodenal ulcers were enrolled and randomized into four treatment groups (1:1:1:1) for 10 days: 1. LR-BAC Group, which received rabeprazole 10 mg b.i.d., bismuth, amoxicillin and clarithromycin; 2. LR-BAT Group, which received rabeprazole 10mg b.i.d., bismuth, amoxicillin and tetracycline; 3. HR-BAC Group, which received rabeprazole 20 mg b.i.d., and bismuth, amoxicillin and clarithromycin; and 4. HR-BAT Group, which received rabeprazole 20 mg b.i.d., bismuth, amoxicillin, tetracycline. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by the E-test method. The primary outcome was H. pylori eradication at 4 weeks after the treatment. Results: The per-protocol (PP) eradication rates in the LR-BAC, LR-BAT, HR-BAC, and HR-BAT groups were 94.1%, 91.9%, 94.8% and 91.9%, respectively, while the intention-to-treat (ITT) eradication rates in those groups were 87.2%, 87.2%, 87.7% and 86%, respectively. There was no significant difference between four groups in PP analysis( P =0.799) and ITT analysis( P =0.985). The efficacies of four treatment therapy were not affected by antibiotics resistance. The adverse events in four treatment groups were similar, CNS and gastrointestinal symptoms were the most common reported. Conclusions: Bismuth-containing quadruple therapy with low-dose rabeprazole, amoxicillin and tetracycline is a good option for first-line treatment of H. pylori infection in population with high antibiotic resistance. Copyright © 2018 Xie et al.

Effect of ball milling time on thermoelectric properties of bismuth telluride nanomaterials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khade, Poonam; Bagwaiya, Toshi; Bhattacharaya, Shovit; Singh, Ajay; Jha, Purushottam; Shelke, Vilas

2018-04-01

The effect of different milling time on thermoelectric properties of bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) was investigated. The nanomaterial was prepared by varying the ball milling time and followed by hot press sintering. The crystal structure and phase formation were verified by X-ray diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy. The experimental results show that electrical conductivity increases whereas thermal conductivity decreases with increasing milling time. The negative sign of seebeck coefficient indicate the n-type nature with majority charge carriers of electrons. A maximum figure of merit about 0.55 is achieved for l5hr ball milled Bi2Te3 sample. The present study demonstrates the simple and cost-effective method for synthesis of Bi2Te3 thermoelectric material at large scale thermoelectric applications.

The performance of a combined solar photovoltaic (PV) and thermoelectric generator (TEG) system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bjørk, R.; Nielsen, K. K.

2015-10-01

The performance of a combined solar photovoltaic (PV) and thermoelectric generator (TEG) system is examined using an analytical model for four different types of commercial PVs and a commercial bismuth telluride TEG. The TEG is applied directly on the back of the PV, so that the two devices have the same temperature. The PVs considered are crystalline Si (c-Si), amorphous Si (a-Si), copper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS) and cadmium telluride (CdTe) cells. The degradation of PV performance with temperature is shown to dominate the increase in power produced by the TEG, due to the low efficiency of the TEG. For c-Si, CIGS and CdTe PV cells the combined system produces a lower power and has a lower efficiency than the PV alone, whereas for an a-Si cell the total system performance may be slightly increased by the TEG.

Experiments with the low melting indium-bismuth alloy system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Krepski, Richard P.

1992-01-01

The following is a laboratory experiment designed to create an interest in and to further understanding of materials science. The primary audience for this material is the junior high school or middle school science student having no previous familiarity with the material, other than some knowledge of temperature and the concepts of atoms, elements, compounds, and chemical reactions. The objective of the experiment is to investigate the indium-bismuth alloy system. Near the eutectic composition, the liquidus is well below the boiling point of water, allowing simple, minimal hazard casting experiments. Such phenomena as metal oxidation, formation of intermetallic compound crystals, and an unusual volume increase during solidification could all be directly observed. A key concept for students to absorb is that properties of an alloy (melting point, mechanical behavior) may not correlate with simple interpolation of properties of the pure components. Discussion of other low melting metals and alloys leads to consideration of environmental and toxicity issues, as well as providing some historical context. Wetting behavior can also be explored.

Structural investigation of Zn doped sodium bismuth borate glasses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bhatia, V., E-mail: vijetabhatia0712@gmail.com; Kumar, D.; Singh, D.

2016-05-06

A series of Bismuth Borate Oxide Glass samples with composition x(ZnO):(15-x)Na{sub 2}O:15Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3}:70B{sub 2}O{sub 3} (variation in x is from 6 to 12 mole %) have been prepared by conventional melt quenching technique. All the chemicals used were of Analytical Grade. In order to verify the amorphous nature of the prepared samples the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) was done. The physical and structural properties have been explored by using the techniques such as density, molar volume and FTIR in order to understand the effect of alkali and transition metal ions on the structure of these glasses. The results obtained bymore » these techniques are in good agreement to one another and with literature as well. With the increase in the content of ZnO, the increase in density and some variations in structural coordination (ratio of BO{sub 3} & BO{sub 4} structural units) have been observed.« less

Ferroelectric and photocatalytic behavior of bismuth ferrite nano wire

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

William, R. V.; Marikani, A., E-mail: amari@mepcoeng.ac.in; Madhavan, D.

Multiferroic bismuth ferrite nanowires are prepared through polyol method with an average diameter of 35 nm with a narrow size distribution. The band gap was determined to be 2.10 eV, indicating their potential application as visible-light-response photo catalyst. The magnificent photocatalytic behaviors of BiFeO{sub 3} nanowires are understood from the methyl violet degradation under visible light irradiation. Moreover, the nano-wire takes only a lesser time for the diffusion of electron-hole pair from the surface of the sample. Further the BiFeO{sub 3} nano-wire was characterized using XRD, SEM, and U-V. The ferroelectric studies of BiFeO{sub 3} nano-wire show a frequency dependent propertymore » and maximum coercivity of 2.7 V/cm were achieved with a remanent polarization at 0.5 µC/cm{sup 2} at the frequency 4 kHz. The coercivity of BiFeO{sub 3} nano wire changes with variation of frequency from 1 kHz to 4 kHz.« less

Room Temperature Intrinsic Ferromagnetism in Epitaxial Manganese Selenide Films in the Monolayer Limit

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Hara, Dante J.; Zhu, Tiancong; Trout, Amanda H.; Ahmed, Adam S.; Luo, Yunqiu Kelly; Lee, Choong Hee; Brenner, Mark R.; Rajan, Siddharth; Gupta, Jay A.; McComb, David W.; Kawakami, Roland K.

2018-05-01

Monolayer van der Waals (vdW) magnets provide an exciting opportunity for exploring two-dimensional (2D) magnetism for scientific and technological advances, but the intrinsic ferromagnetism has only been observed at low temperatures. Here, we report the observation of room temperature ferromagnetism in manganese selenide (MnSe$_x$) films grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Magnetic and structural characterization provides strong evidence that in the monolayer limit, the ferromagnetism originates from a vdW manganese diselenide (MnSe$_2$) monolayer, while for thicker films it could originate from a combination of vdW MnSe$_2$ and/or interfacial magnetism of $\\alpha$-MnSe(111). Magnetization measurements of monolayer MnSe$_x$ films on GaSe and SnSe$_2$ epilayers show ferromagnetic ordering with large saturation magnetization of ~ 4 Bohr magnetons per Mn, which is consistent with density functional theory calculations predicting ferromagnetism in monolayer 1T-MnSe$_2$. Growing MnSe$_x$ films on GaSe up to high thickness (~ 40 nm) produces $\\alpha$-MnSe(111), and an enhanced magnetic moment (~ 2x) compared to the monolayer MnSe$_x$ samples. Detailed structural characterization by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) reveal an abrupt and clean interface between GaSe(0001) and $\\alpha$-MnSe(111). In particular, the structure measured by STEM is consistent with the presence of a MnSe$_2$ monolayer at the interface. These results hold promise for potential applications in energy efficient information storage and processing.

Performance of europium-doped strontium iodide, transparent ceramics and bismuth-loaded polymer scintillators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cherepy, N. J.; Payne, S. A.; Sturm, B. W.; O'Neal, S. P.; Seeley, Z. M.; Drury, O. B.; Haselhorst, L. K.; Rupert, B. L.; Sanner, R. D.; Thelin, P. A.; Fisher, S. E.; Hawrami, R.; Shah, K. S.; Burger, A.; Ramey, J. O.; Boatner, L. A.

2011-09-01

Recently discovered scintillators for gamma ray spectroscopy - single-crystal SrI2(Eu), GYGAG(Ce) transparent ceramic and Bismuth-loaded plastics - offer resolution and fabrication advantages compared to commercial scintillators, such as NaI(Tl) and standard PVT plastic. Energy resolution at 662 keV of 2.7% is obtained with SrI2(Eu), while 4.5% is obtained with GYGAG(Ce). A new transparent ceramic scintillator for radiographic imaging systems, GLO(Eu), offers high light yield of 70,000 Photons/MeV, high stopping, and low radiation damage. Implementation of single-crystal SrI2(Eu), Gd-based transparent ceramics, and Bi-loaded plastic scintillators can advance the state-of-the art in ionizing radiation detection systems.

0.8 V nanogenerator for mechanical energy harvesting using bismuth titanate-PDMS nanocomposite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abinnas, N.; Baskaran, P.; Harish, S.; Ganesh, R. Sankar; Navaneethan, M.; Nisha, K. D.; Ponnusamy, S.; Muthamizhchelvan, C.; Ikeda, H.; Hayakawa, Y.

2017-10-01

We present a novel, low-cost approach to fabricate piezoelectric nanogenerators using Bismuth titanate (BiT)/Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposite. The nanogenerator has the advantage of the simple process of fabrication and is eco-friendly. This simple device was fabricated to harvest the energy released from finger tapping. This device generated an output of 0.8 V. The BiT samples were synthesized by wet chemical method. The structural, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the samples were analyzed. Phase analysis using X-ray diffraction indicated that the phase structure was orthorhombic. The FESEM images of the sample calcined at 700 °C exhibited sheet-like morphology. Further characterizations like XPS, Raman studies, TEM were done.

Ballistic edge states in Bismuth nanowires revealed by SQUID interferometry.

PubMed

Murani, Anil; Kasumov, Alik; Sengupta, Shamashis; Kasumov, Yu A; Volkov, V T; Khodos, I I; Brisset, F; Delagrange, Raphaëlle; Chepelianskii, Alexei; Deblock, Richard; Bouchiat, Hélène; Guéron, Sophie

2017-07-05

The protection against backscattering provided by topology is a striking property. In two-dimensional insulators, a consequence of this topological protection is the ballistic nature of the one-dimensional helical edge states. One demonstration of ballisticity is the quantized Hall conductance. Here we provide another demonstration of ballistic transport, in the way the edge states carry a supercurrent. The system we have investigated is a micrometre-long monocrystalline bismuth nanowire with topological surfaces, that we connect to two superconducting electrodes. We have measured the relation between the Josephson current flowing through the nanowire and the superconducting phase difference at its ends, the current-phase relation. The sharp sawtooth-shaped phase-modulated current-phase relation we find demonstrates that transport occurs selectively along two ballistic edges of the nanowire. In addition, we show that a magnetic field induces 0-π transitions and ϕ 0 -junction behaviour, providing a way to manipulate the phase of the supercurrent-carrying edge states and generate spin supercurrents.

Ballistic edge states in Bismuth nanowires revealed by SQUID interferometry

PubMed Central

Murani, Anil; Kasumov, Alik; Sengupta, Shamashis; Kasumov, Yu A.; Volkov, V. T.; Khodos, I. I.; Brisset, F.; Delagrange, Raphaëlle; Chepelianskii, Alexei; Deblock, Richard; Bouchiat, Hélène; Guéron, Sophie

2017-01-01

The protection against backscattering provided by topology is a striking property. In two-dimensional insulators, a consequence of this topological protection is the ballistic nature of the one-dimensional helical edge states. One demonstration of ballisticity is the quantized Hall conductance. Here we provide another demonstration of ballistic transport, in the way the edge states carry a supercurrent. The system we have investigated is a micrometre-long monocrystalline bismuth nanowire with topological surfaces, that we connect to two superconducting electrodes. We have measured the relation between the Josephson current flowing through the nanowire and the superconducting phase difference at its ends, the current–phase relation. The sharp sawtooth-shaped phase-modulated current–phase relation we find demonstrates that transport occurs selectively along two ballistic edges of the nanowire. In addition, we show that a magnetic field induces 0–π transitions and φ0-junction behaviour, providing a way to manipulate the phase of the supercurrent-carrying edge states and generate spin supercurrents. PMID:28677681

Compatibility of structural materials with liquid bismuth, lead, and mercury

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Weeks, J.R.

1996-06-01

During the 1950s and 1960s, a substantial program existed at Brookhaven National Laboratory as part of the Liquid Metal Fuel reactor program on the compatibility of bismuth, lead, and their alloys with structural materials. Subsequently, compatibility investigations of mercury with structural materials were performed in support of development of Rankine cycle mercury turbines for nuclear applications. The present talk will review present understanding of the corrosion/mass-transfer reactions of structural materials with these liquid metal coolants. Topics to be discussed include the basic solubility relationships of iron, chromium, nickel, and refractory metals in these liquid metals, the results of inhibition studies,more » the role of oxygen on the corrosion processes, and specialized topics such as cavitation-corrosion and liquid metal embrittlement. Emphasis will be placed on utilizing the understanding gained in this earlier work on the development of heavy liquid metal targets in spallation neutron sources.« less

Effect of bismuth oxide on white mineral trioxide aggregate: chemical characterization and physical properties.

PubMed

Grazziotin-Soares, R; Nekoofar, M H; Davies, T E; Bafail, A; Alhaddar, E; Hübler, R; Busato, A L S; Dummer, P M H

2014-06-01

To assess the effect of bismuth oxide (Bi2 O3 ) on the chemical characterization and physical properties of White mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Angelus. Commercially available White MTA Angelus and White MTA Angelus without Bi2 O3 provided by the manufacturer especially for this study were subjected to the following tests: Rietveld X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), compressive strength, Vickers microhardness test and setting time. Chemical analysis data were reported descriptively, and physical properties were expressed as means and standard deviations. Data were analysed using Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U test (P = 0.05). Calcium silicate peaks were reduced in the diffractograms of both hydrated materials. Bismuth particles were found on the surface of White MTA Angelus, and a greater amount of particles characterized as calcium hydroxide was observed by visual examination on White MTA without Bi2 O3 . The material without Bi2 O3 had the shortest final setting time (38.33 min, P = 0.002), the highest Vickers microhardness mean value (72.35 MPa, P = 0.000) and similar compressive strength results (P = 0.329) when compared with the commercially available White MTA Angelus containing Bi2 O3 . The lack of Bi2 O3 was associated with an increase in Vickers microhardness, a reduction in final setting time, absence of Bi2 O3 peaks in diffractograms, as well as a large amount of calcium and a morphology characteristic of calcium hydroxide in EDX/SEM analysis. © 2013 International Endodontic Journal. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Electric double-layer transistor using layered iron selenide Mott insulator TlFe1.6Se2

PubMed Central

Katase, Takayoshi; Hiramatsu, Hidenori; Kamiya, Toshio; Hosono, Hideo

2014-01-01

A1–xFe2–ySe2 (A = K, Cs, Rb, Tl) are recently discovered iron-based superconductors with critical temperatures (Tc) ranging up to 32 K. Their parent phases have unique properties compared with other iron-based superconductors; e.g., their crystal structures include ordered Fe vacancies, their normal states are antiferromagnetic (AFM) insulating phases, and they have extremely high Néel transition temperatures. However, control of carrier doping into the parent AFM insulators has been difficult due to their intrinsic phase separation. Here, we fabricated an Fe-vacancy-ordered TlFe1.6Se2 insulating epitaxial film with an atomically flat surface and examined its electrostatic carrier doping using an electric double-layer transistor (EDLT) structure with an ionic liquid gate. The positive gate voltage gave a conductance modulation of three orders of magnitude at 25 K, and further induced and manipulated a phase transition; i.e., delocalized carrier generation by electrostatic doping is the origin of the phase transition. This is the first demonstration, to the authors' knowledge, of an EDLT using a Mott insulator iron selenide channel and opens a way to explore high Tc superconductivity in iron-based layered materials, where carrier doping by conventional chemical means is difficult. PMID:24591598